Table 3.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of the FDA-approved oximes. (t1/2: half-life excretion time; Cmax: maximum concentration in blood plasma; and Tmax: time to reach Cmax).
| Compound | EC50 (mg/L) | t1/2 (h) | Solubility | Cmax (mg/L) | Tmax (h) | Target |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceftizoxime [113] |
B. fragilis: 202 E. cloacae: 51 |
5.7–9.4 (rabbits) [107] 1.6–2.57 (people) [114,115,116] |
Water (229 mg/L) [117] | 34.7 | 1.5 [118] | S. aureus: PBP 2 [119] |
| Cefpodoxime [120] |
H. influenzae: 0.04 M. catarrhalis: 0.12 S. pneumoniae: 0.27 [121] |
1.9–2.8 | Water (400 µg/mL) [122] | 1.0–4.5 | 1.9–3.1 | E. coli: Peptidoglycan synthase FtsI [123] |
| Cefmenoxime [124,125] | ND | 1.3–1.5 | Water (450 mg/L) [126] | 9.07–26.73 | 0.57–0.77 | E. coli: Peptidoglycan synthase FtsI [90] |
| Cefuroxime [127,128] | K. pneumoniae: 1.61 [124] | 1.2–2.4 [93] | Water (107 mg/L), good in acetone, sparingly soluble in chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol | 4.1–4.8 8.6–9.0 |
2.0–2.5; 1.8–2.4 | Clostridium perfringens: PBP 1A [129] |