Table 1.

Methods used for in vitro nephrotoxicity assessment in 3D models and in vivo renal tissues.

Methods	Renal Tubule Epithelia Cells		Podocytes Stromal Cells
	Drugs	Targeted Cells	Drugs	Drugs
Drugs, chemicals, or toxic agents with different doses	Gentamicin [17,18,19,20] Citrinin [17,21] Cisplatin [17,18,19,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29] Rifampicin [17,30] Acetone [25,28,31] Aspirin [24,27,32] Penicillin G [24,27,33] Tenofovir [26,34] Cyclosporin A [26,35,36] Adriamycin [19,25,37] 4-aminophenol (PAP) [25,38] Colchicine [25,39] Cadmium chloride [40,41]	Brush border membrane of the proximal tubules S2 proximal tubular segment Basolateral membrane of proximal tubules Apical membrane of renal proximal tubules S1 and S2 proximal tubular segment Loop of Henle Brush border membrane of the proximal tubules Basolateral mem-brane of proximal tubules Brush border membrane of the proximal tubules/Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle Brush border membrane of the proximal tubules Loop of Henle S3 proximal tubular segment S1 proximal tubular segment	Doxorubicin [17,42,43] Aspirin [27] Penicillin G [27] Puromycin-aminonucleoside [17,44] Adriamycin [42,43]	Doxorubicin [17,43] Puromycin-aminonucleoside [17]
Time-frames	24 h [17,18,22,26] 48 h [18,24,27,40] 72 h [19,25,28] 2 wks [19]		60 min [44] 24 h [17,22,42] 48 h [27] 5 days [43]	24 h [17] 5 days [43]
Biomarkers
Gene markers	Kim-1 [17,18,23,24] HO-1 [17]		NPHS1 [17,42] WT1 [17] SYNPO [42]
Protein markers	Kim-1 [18,19,25,28,40] CYP2E1 [25,28] HO-1 [40] NGAL [19] AQP1 IL-6 [25] TNF [25] MCP-1 [25] IL-1b [25] MIP-1a [25] Rantes [25] Cleaved-caspase 3 [22]

Abbreviations: Kim-1, kidney injury molecule-1; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1, NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP-1a, macrophage inflammatory protein-1a. h, Hours; wks, weeks.