Table 4.
Different cell types used in 3D culture models.
| Cell Types | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cell lines: -HK2 -NKi-2 -ciPTEC -RPTEC/TERT1 |
-A proximal tubular cell (PTC) line derived from normal kidney, immortalized by transduction with human papilloma virus 16 (HPV-16) E6/E7 genes -Act as a positive control -Stable cell line -Potentially valuable in toxicity and drug transporter assays -Stable cell line-Broad transporter and metabolic enzyme expression -Polarized tight monolayer formation-Potentially valuable in toxicity and drug transporter assays |
-Limited transporter or proximal tubule characteristics -Low prediction -Limited data available for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation -Limited data available for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation |
[113,114] [19] [115,116,117] |
| Human primary renal cells: -fetal renal cells -biopsy-derived renal cells |
-Complete transporter and metabolic enzyme expression -Polarized tight monolayer formation. -High predictivity -Transepithelial transport -Broad range of biomarker assays available |
-Expression of relevant proteins rapidly decreased -Limiting long-term exposure -Batch-to-batch variation -Limited availability |
[81,118,119] |
| Human stem cells: -ESC -iPSC -USC |
-In vivo-like complexity -In vivo-like architecture -Contains a variety of kidney cells, including proximal and distal renal tubular cells, endothelial cells, podocytes, and kidney-derived cells for high-throughput screening -Patient specific -Robust proliferative potential -Multipotential differentiation -Paracrine effects -Renal progenitor/stem cells -Obtained noninvasively at a less cost and simpler method |
-Not free from ethical and legal issues -Immaturity -Mal-differentiation to non-renal cells Cultures are sometime contaminated when urine samples are obtained from female donors |
[115,120] [115,121] [122,123,124] |
| Animal primary renal cells -Mouse -Rat -Rabbit Animal cell lines -Dog (MDCK) -Pig (LLC-PK1) -Monkey (VERO) |
-Complete transporter and metabolic enzyme expression -Polarized tight monolayer formation -Transepithelial transport -Broad range of biomarker assays available -Stable cell line -Well established -Formation of polarized tight monolayer |
-Species differences -Relatively low predictivity -Animal experiments -Species differences -Low predictivity |
[125,126] [127,128,129] |
Abbreviations: HK2, human kidney 2; LLC-PK, proximal-like porcine kidney cells; MDCK, Madin–Darby canine kidney; Nki-2, human telomerase reverse transcriptase immortalized human renal cortical cells; RPTEC, renal proximal tubule epithelial cell; ESC, embryonic stem cells; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells; USC, urine-derived stem cells.