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. 2022 Jan 6;14(2):233. doi: 10.3390/nu14020233

Table 1.

Results of MR analysis studying the effect of circulating zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), copper (Cu) and vitamin K1 concentration on 3 COVID-19 outcomes. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW)-based odds ratios, their p-values along with Cochrane’s Q statistic and MR-Egger intercept are presented. We used two sets of instruments whenever possible: Zn/Se/Cu refers to instruments with p-values < 5 × 10−8 and Zn/Se/Cu/vit. K1 sub-significant refers to instruments with p-values < 5 × 10−5.

Exposure Outcome n SNPs IVW Odds Ratio (95% CI) IVW p-Value 1 Cochrane’s Q Cochrane’s Q p-Value 1 MR-Egger Intercept MR-Egger
Intercept
p-Value 1
Zn SARS-CoV-2 infection 2 0.97 (0.87–1.08) 0.548 0.73 0.394 NA 2 NA 2
Zn Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 2 0.99 (0.69–1.44) 0.971 0.02 0.889 NA 2 NA 2
Zn Hospitalized (ver. population) 2 1.06 (0.81–1.39) 0.663 1.62 0.203 NA 2 NA 2
Zn Very severe COVID-19 2 1.21 (0.79–1.86) 0.386 2.09 0.148 NA 2 NA 2
Zn subsignificant SARS-CoV-2 infection 12 1.01 (0.98–1.05) 0.489 7.32 0.772 0.898 0.468
Zn subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 12 0.97 (0.85–1.11) 0.688 14.09 0.228 0.717 0.496
Zn subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. population) 12 0.98 (0.91–1.06) 0.623 13.40 0.268 0.108 0.424
Zn subsignificant Very severe COVID-19 12 0.92 (0.81–1.04) 0.161 13.37 0.270 0.845 0.340
Se meta-analysis SARS-CoV-2 infection 2 1.03 (0.95–1.11) 0.506 1.68 0.195 NA 2 NA 2
Se meta-analysis Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 2 0.91 (0.75–1.11) 0.347 0.58 0.445 NA 2 NA 2
Se meta-analysis Hospitalized (ver. population) 2 0.98 (0.87–1.10) 0.715 0.28 0.599 NA 2 NA 2
Se meta-analysis Very severe COVID-19 2 0.99 (0.83–1.17) 0.864 0.22 0.638 NA 2 NA 2
Se ALSPAC subsignificant SARS-CoV-2 infection 12 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 0.704 9.66 0.561 0.104 0.457
Se ALSPAC subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 12 1.01 (0.88–1.16) 0.844 12.15 0.353 0.675 0.439
Se ALSPAC subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. population) 12 1.03 (0.95–1.12) 0.453 4.62 0.948 0.262 0.522
Se ALSPAC subsignificant Very severe COVID-19 12 1.06 (0.94–1.19) 0.369 6.77 0.817 0.278 0.642
Se QIMR subsignificant SARS-CoV-2 infection 15 1.00 (0.97–1.03) 0.974 9.35 0.808 0.973 0.392
Se QIMR subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 15 1.04 (0.94–1.16) 0.412 17.82 0.215 0.050 0.352
Se QIMR subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. population) 15 1.06 (1.00–1.12) 0.033 13.47 0.490 0.212 0.363
Se QIMR subsignificant Very severe COVID-19 15 1.07 (0.99–1.16) 0.069 11.77 0.624 0.679 0.371
Cu SARS-CoV-2 infection 2 1.07 (1.00–1.14) 0.057 0.66 0.415 NA 2 NA 2
Cu Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 2 0.98 (0.79–1.21) 0.842 0.00 0.984 NA 2 NA 2
Cu Hospitalized (ver. population) 2 1.07 (0.88–1.29) 0.493 2.24 0.135 NA 2 NA 2
Cu Very severe COVID-19 2 1.13 (0.82–1.55) 0.467 2.84 0.092 NA 2 NA 2
Cu subsignificant SARS-CoV-2 infection 7 1.01 (0.96–1.07) 0.662 11.30 0.080 0.022 0.227
Cu subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 7 0.98 (0.86–1.12) 0.792 1.39 0.967 0.006 0.882
Cu subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. population) 7 0.99 (0.91–1.08) 0.816 5.09 0.532 0.018 0.493
Cu subsignificant Very severe COVID-19 7 0.94 (0.83–1.07) 0.326 3.87 0.694 0.017 0.672
vit. K1 subsignificant SARS-CoV-2 infection 3 0.99 (0.93–1.05) 0.677 0.95 0.621 0.507 0.000
vit. K1 subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. non-hospitalized) 3 1.06 (0.88–1.28) 0.565 0.50 0.779 0.697 0.000
vit. K1 subsignificant Hospitalized (ver. population) 3 0.98 (0.87–1.09) 0.662 0.62 0.732 0.593 0.000
vit. K1 subsignificant Very severe COVID-19 3 0.93 (0.72–1.19) 0.546 4.42 0.110 0.349 0.084

1—Nominal p-value, 2—Insufficient number of SNPs for MR-Egger analysis.