Figure 13.
Nanomaterial production using different synthesis techniques: (A) Inert gas synthesis of metal nanoparticles from thermal evaporation of a metal substrate in the presence of the inert gas and then nanoparticles condensation (nucleation and growth) on a cold substrate; (B) Thermal plasma synthesis of NPs using different plasma-phase chemical reactions as bottom-up approaches; (C) Emulsion polymerization of monomers (oil phase) in water (liquid phase) in the presence of an imitator and a surfactant; (D) solid-phase synthesis of core-shell noble metal @Fe3O4 nanostructures [190]; © Nature, 2019.