Table 6.
Drugs used in the NLC delivery system and their applications.
| Drug | Solid/Liquid Lipids | Use | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticancer Drugs | |||
| 5-fluorouracil and retinoic acid conjugate | Lecithin/oleic acid | Large intestine cancer in people | [135] |
| Oridonin | GMS/MCT | Extension of mean lifetime of retention of oridonin encapsulated in NLC coated with PEG | [136] |
| Docetaxel | GMS/oleic acid | In vivo studies have shown greater effectiveness in treatment of malignant melanoma and weaker side effects | [137] |
| Etoposide | GMS/soybean oil | Etoposide in NLC was optimized formulation of enhanced bioavailability in oral administration of the system, showing high cytotoxicity towards plano-epithelial cells of lung cancer | [138] |
| Topotecan | Stearic acid/oleic acid | Incorporation of topotecan to NLC improved its properties, chemical stability and increased its cytotoxicity | [139] |
| Anti-inflammatory drugs | |||
| Flurbiprofen | GMS/MCT | Flurbiprofen encapsulated in NLC showed better permeability on topical application and was more effective than in oral administration | [119] |
| Ketoprofen | Compritol 888 ATO/labrafac lipophile | The new system of drug entrapped in cyclodextrin (inclusion compound) and encapsulated in NLC improved the therapeutic effectiveness of ketoprofen and the safety of its use | [140] |
| Quercetin | GMS/MCT | Studies of penetration of quercetin through the skin in vitro and in vivo proved that its encapsulation in NLC increased its retention in the epidermis and thus improved the therapeutic effect. | [141] |
| Celecoxib | Precirol/squalene | Pharmacodynamic studies of celecoxib in NLC showed extended to 24 h activity of the drug | [116] |
| Antifungal drugs | |||
| Silybin | GMS/MCT | The drug in GMS/MCT reached the blood circulation system faster but was to a high degree captured by RES (reticular endothelial system) in the organs (in particular in the liver) | [142] |
| Fluconazole | Compritol 888 ATO (CA)/oleic acid | Encapsulation of the drug in NLC ensured effective and extended release of the drug in the skin, which increased effectiveness of fungal infection | [143] |
| Itraconazole | GMS, prekirol/oleic acid, miglyol | Itraconazole was encapsulated to stable NLC whose properties were unaffected on introduction to the lungs | [144] |
| Glucocorticoids | |||
| Dexamethasone | GMS/medium chain triacyclglycerols (MCT) | Dexamethasone in a complex incorporated into NLC showed high stability and extended release of active ingredient | [145] |
| Fluticasone | Precirol ATO 5 /labrasol | The presence of PEG-containing lipids in NLC improved the drug stability | [146] |
| Corticosteroids | |||
| Triamcilone acetonide | Prekirol ATO 5 /squalene | In vivo tests in mice proved increased stability of the drug encapsulated in NLC and the possibility of its delivery to the back part of the eye | [147] |
| Antioxidants | |||
| Resveratrol | Compritol 888 ATO/miglyol | Resveratrol encapsulated in NLC showed higher antioxidation activity than the same drug incorporated in SLN | [148] |
| Curcumin | GMS/MCT | The encapsulation of curcumin in an NLC resulted in an increase in its antimalarial activity | [149] |
| Lutein | Precirol ATO 5 | NLC was shown to protect lutein against the simulated gastric fluid and allowed its slow release in the simulated intestinal fluid | [150] |
| Immunosuppressants | |||
| Tacrolimus | GMS/oleic acid | Tests in vitro revealed that encapsulation of tacrolimus in NLC increases its penetration coefficient to a value of 1.64 times greater than that of the commercial ointment with tacrolimus Protopic® | [151] |
| Antipsoriatic drugs | |||
| Acitretin | Precirol ATO 5 /oleic acid | The system Precirol ATO5/ oleic acid / NLC proved to be effective in treatment of psoriasis | [152] |
| Psoralen | Precirol/squalene | The system Precirol/ squalene showed increased penetration and possibility of controlled drug release | [117] |
| Anesthetic drugs | |||
| Lidocaine | Compritol 888 ATO/miglyol 810 | Topical application of lidocaine encapsulated in NLC in gel form permits slow development of local anesthesia in guinea pigs | [153] |
| Antimalarial drugs | |||
| Dihydroartemisinin | GMS/miglyol 812 | The course of release of dihydroartemisinin incorporated in NLC indicated the formation of diphase pattern in the beginning phase and extended release later | [154] |
| Sunscreens | |||
| Oxybenzone | GMS/miglyol | Incorporation of oxybenzone to NLC has considerably increased its sunscreen index | [155] |
Compritol 888 ATO—glyceryl dibehenate; MCT—medium chain triacylglycerols; GMS—acylglycerol monostearate; PEG—polyethylene glycol.