Table 1.

Comparative data on potential benefits of intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating.

Dietary Intervention	Calorie Intake/ Weight Change	Glucose Metabolism	Lipid Metabolism	Other Effects	References
Time Restricted Eating (TRE) restriction of the daily eating window to 6–10 h, with 14–18 h of fasting per day	facilitated weight loss and appetite reduction in overweight and obese people	lowered insulin levels and produced better insulin sensitivity	decrease in LDL levels	BP decrease	[15,18,20]
Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) calorie restriction only every other day 25% of the usual intake consumption on the fast day (approximately 500 kcal), alternated with ad libitum food consumption on the “feast day”	loss of 3.6–8.5% of body weight after 12 months	non-significant differences in fasting plasma glucose and insulin	non-significant improvements in lipid profiles	non-significant and modest BP reductions BP control needs further research	[17,20]
The 5:2 diet absolute fasting or severely restricting the caloric intake for 2 consecutive days per week with ad libitum consumption on the remaining 5.	reductions in body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass	modest reductions in fasting insulin and insulin resistance	reductions in postprandial triglycerides concentrations	modest BP reductions BP control needs further research	[16]

BP: blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.