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Schematic representation of the pathophysiology of a normal (A) and an injured spinal cord (B,C). The initial mechanical trauma to the spinal cord (B) initiates a secondary injury cascade that is characterized by edema, hemorrhage, inflammatory cells (B), and the persistence of scar tissue (C), which can lead to further cell death, demyelination, and neurological impairments in orthograde and retrograde directions, including brain areas.
