Table 1.

Summary of studies examining bovine tuberculoid granulomas.

Route of Infection	Dose (CFU)	Days after Infection	Age of Animal	Histopathology Description	Granuloma Staging	Cellular Identification	Cytokine Analysis	Reference
Natural	Unknown	Unknown	variable	Yes	Yes	No	No	[91]
Natural	Unknown	Unknown	18–30 months	Yes	Yes	NA	IHC	[88]
Natural	Unknown	Unknown	2.5–9 years	Yes	Yes	Yes	IHC	[85]
Natural	Unknown	Unknown	49–91 months	Yes	No	NA	IHC	[45]
Intratracheal	5 × 103	28 weeks	15–16 months	Yes	Yes		qPCR	[79]
Intratracheal	70–6.2 × 104	29 weeks	5 months	Yes	Yes	Yes	IHC/ISH	[25]
Intratracheal	104	5–12 weeks	8 months	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[37]
Intranasal	1.3 × 104	12 weeks	3 months	No	No	NA	qPCR	[92]
Endotracheal	2 × 103	13 weeks	5–7 months	Yes	Yes	Yes	IHC	[26]
Endobronchial	2 × 103	13 weeks	12 months	Yes	Yes	Yes	IHC/ISH	[40]
Aerosol	103–105	21 weeks	4 months	Yes	No	No	No	[93]
Aerosol	104	21 weeks	3 months	Yes	Yes	No	ISH	[24]
Aerosol	104	12 weeks	6 months	Yes	Yes	Yes	ISH	[12]
Aerosol	104	21 weeks	6 months	Yes	Yes	No	ISH	[72]
Aerosol	104	30, 90, 180, 270 days	9 months	Yes	Yes	No	ISH	[34]

CFU = colony-forming unit; NA = not applicable; IHC = immunohistochemistry; ISH = in situ hybridization; q = quantitative PCR.