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. 2022 Jan 5;12(1):40. doi: 10.3390/metabo12010040

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Autoreactive B cell’s energy metabolism: The glycolysis route, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system all produce ATP to fulfill cellular energy demands. Glucose, the primary energy source, enters the cell via glucose transporters (GLUT-1) and is transformed to pyruvate (PYR). PYR can take one of two paths: it can be transformed into lactate and exit the cell, or it can enter the mitochondrion and create Acetyl coenzyme A. (AcCoA). Signaling through the BCR and B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is essential for naive B cell survival, as both of these signals activate PI3K. Importantly, the expression of other critical glucose metabolic enzymes including HK and FPK-1 (hexokinase and phosphofructokinase-1) are upregulated by BAFF signaling. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is also critical for the B-cell growth and proliferation (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 21 December 2021).