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. 2022 Jan 4;14(1):120. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010120

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nanoparticle-based PDT generated vaccines: (a) NPs carrying PS and/or immune adjuvants accumulate in tumor tissue after administration. Through irradiation, PDT itself will supply tumor antigens; (b) NPs carrying PDT-generated tumor antigens or ex vivo stimulated mature DCs (and/or together with immune adjuvant) are administered systemically as conventional vaccines. This activates and expands effector T cells for vaccine antigen-specific systemic responses. With the help of immune adjuvants and other ICD inducers, strong systemic antitumor immunity against all tumor antigens will be induced, and PDT treatment will ablate surviving tumor cells and metastatic cells.