Table 4.
Studies on selenium intake and bone health.
| Author, Year [Ref] |
Study Design | Country | Number of Subjects/Age |
Diet Assessment | Outcome Considered | Selenium Intake/Selenium Status | Results | +/- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolf et al. 2005 [49] |
Population-based cross-sectional study | USA, 3 clinical sites |
11,068 postmenopausal women 50–79 years |
Semi-quantitative FFQ | Intakes of antioxidants with total BMD | Antioxidant diet group Se: 85.9 ± 38.6 μg/d. Total group Se: 94.1 ± 43.2 μg/d. |
Selenium had no association with BMD after multiple adjustments. | - |
| Zhang et al. 2006 [201] |
Population-based case–control study | USA, Utah |
1215 hip fracture 1349 controls ≥ 50 years |
137-item FFQ | Intakes of antioxidants with hip fracture modified by smoking |
Quintile of antioxidant intake of Se: 58, 79, 99, 121, 162 μg/d. | Selenium was associated with reduced risk of osteoporotic hip fracture. Selenium hip fracture OR 0.27 (0.12- 0.58) in ever smokers. |
+ |
| Wu et al. 2021 [50] |
Cross-sectional, population-based cohort study | USA | 2983 Adults ≥ 40 years |
2-day food records FFQ |
Whole blood and serum Se with FN, LS BMD, and FRAX score | Mean dietary selenium intake: 101.5 μg/day. Mean whole blood selenium: 196.7 μg/L. Mean serum selenium: 131.1 μg/L. |
Increased Se status is correlated with an increased FN BMD, decreased FRAX scores, and reduced incidence of previous bone fracture history. | + |
| Ilich et al. 2008 [202] |
Cross-sectional study | Croatia | 120 postmenopausal women |
3-day food records FFQ |
Hip and LS BMD | Control group: 104.0 ± 27.1 μg/d. OP group: 96.5 ± 33.8 μg/d. |
There was no correlation between selenium deficiency and BMD. | - |
| Rivas et al. 2012 [203] |
Cross-sectional study | Spain | 280 women ≥ 18 years |
24-hr diet recall FFQ | Dietary antioxidants with calcaneous BMD | 18–35 yr group: Se: 60.21 μg/d. 36–45 yr group: Se: 69.56 μg/d. >45 yr group: Se: 75.81 μg/d. |
Positive association was observed among BMD and selenium. Higher antioxidant intake correlated with high BMD score. |
+ |
| P-Z et al. 2012 [204] |
Cross-sectional study |
Spain | 335 postmenopausal women | 7-day food records | Se and calcium intake status with Ad-SoS at the phalanges | Mean Se intake: 95.5 μg/d. | Elevated selenium intake negatively affected bone mass Ad-SOS score only in low calcium intake group. | + |
| Chan et al. 2009 [205] |
Cross-sectional study | China | 441 women ≥ 20–35 years |
5-day food records | Dietary intake with hip, FN, and LS BMD | Honkong Se: 80.6 ± 27.2 μg/d. Beijing Se: 46.4 ± 14.5 μg/d. |
Beijing had lower selenium intake. There was no association between selenium and BMD. |
- |
| Sun et al. 2014 [206] |
Case–control study | China | 726 hip fracture 726 controls |
Semi-quantitative FFQ | Dietart intake of antioxidant with hip fracture | Cases: Men: 43.5; Women: 40.8 (μg/d). Controls: Men: 48.3; Women: 47.7 (μg/d). |
Higher dietary intake of Se associated with a lower risk of hip fracture. OR of hip fracture: 0.43 (0·26–0·70). |
+ |
| Wang, Y. et al. 2019 [207] |
Cross-sectional study | China | 6267 Adults |
Validated semi-quantitative FFQ | BMD at the phalanges | OP: 39.1 ± 31.1 μg/d. Non-OP: 44.0 ± 23.3 μg/d. |
Lower levels of dietary Se intake associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis. OR of OP: 0.72 (0.55–0.94). |
+ |
| Zhang et al. 2021 [208] |
Longitudinal study | China | 17,150 Adults ≥ 20 years |
3-day food records | Self-reported history of fracture | Selenium intake quartile: Q1: 20 ± 5; Q2: 31.8 ± 3; Q3: 42.5 ± 4; Q4: 71.2 ± 45 (μg/d). |
Non-linear association between selenium intake and fracture. HRs for fracture Q1: 1.07 (0.86–1.33), Q2: 1 (ref), Q3: 1.25 (1.02–1.53), Q4: 1.33 (1.07–1.65). The U-shape dose–response of the association varies by gender and urbanization level. |
+ |
Abbreviations: BMD: bone mineral density; DXA: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; LS: lumbar spine; FN: femoral neck; Se: selenium; SePP: selenoprotein P; OP: osteoporosis; FRAX: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool; Ad-SoS: amplitude-dependent speed of sound; + means positive correlation with bone health; - means no significant correlation.