| AKD | Acute kidney disease |
| AKI | Acute kidney injury |
| AST-120 | KREMEZIN |
| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
| CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
| ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| ESRD | End-stage renal stage |
| OAT | Organic anion transporter |
| PCS | p-Cresyl-sulfate |
| PBUTs | protein-bound uremic toxins |
| SCFAs | Short-chain fatty acids |
| sCr | Serum creatinine |
| SULT | Sulfotransferase |
| IS | Indoxyl sulfate |
| IRI | Ischemia reperfusion injury |
| RTEC | Renal tubular epithelial cell |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
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