Effects of rutaecarpine on NF-κB activation in platelets. Washed platelets (1.2 × 109 cells/mL) were preincubated with rutaecarpine (RUT; 1–20 μM) or a solvent control (0.1% DMSO), followed by collagen treatment (1 μg/mL) to trigger (A) IKK, (B) IκBα, and (C) p65 phosphorylation as well as (D) IκBα degradation for the immunoblotting study. The corresponding statistical data are displayed in the lower panel of each figure. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 4). ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001, compared with the resting control (group treated with Tyrode’s solution); ##
p < 0.01, and ###
p < 0.001, compared with the 0.1% DMSO-treated group.