Table 1.

Dysphagia screening methods (sensitivity and specificity).

Study (Year)	Patients Included (Etiology)	Swallowing Assessment Method	Inspector	Reference Test	Outcome	Sensitivity	Specificity
		Water Swallowing Test
Wakasugi et al. [14]. (2008)	107 (MD)	Single sips 3 mL, Total amount 3 mL	NR	VFSS, FEES	Aspiration	69	97
Momosaki et al. [15]. (2013)	110 (CVA)	Single sips 4 mL, Total amount ≤12	SLP	FEES	Aspiration	93	79
McCullough et al. [16]. (2005)	165 (CVA)	Single sips 5 mL, Total amount ≤10	Doctor	VFSS	Aspiration	44	94
		Single sips 10 mL, Total amount ≤20	Doctor	VFSS	Aspiration	37	96
Suiter et al. [17]. (2008)	3000 (MD)	Consecutive sips 90 mL	Doctor	FEES	Aspiration	97	49
Zhou et al. [18]. (2011)	107 (CVA)	Consecutive sips 90 mL	Doctor	VFSS	Aspiration	87	42
Patterson et al. [19]. (2011)	126 (HNC)	Consecutive sips 100 mL	NR	FEES	Aspiration	80	77
Hey et al. [20]. (2013)	80 (HNC)	Progressive amounts 2, 5, 10, 20 mL Total amount ≤51 mL	SLP	FEES	Aspiration	100	61
Somasundaram et al. [21]. (2014)	67 (CVA)	Progressive amounts 5, 10, 20 mL Total amount ≤50 mL	SLP	VFSS	Aspiration	70	81
Hassan et al. [22]. (2014)	74 (MD)	Progressive amounts 5, 20, 50 mL Total amount ≤75 mL	NR	FEES	Aspiration	74	70
Mann et al. [23]. (2000)	128 (CVA)	MASA	SLP	VFSS	Swallowing disorder	73	89
González-Fernández et al. [24]. (2011)	133 (MD)	MASA	SLP	VFSS	Aspiration	39.6	59
Antonios et al. [25]. (2010)	150 (CVA)	Modified MASA	Doctor	MASA	Swallowing disorder	87~92	84.2~86.3
Trapl et al. [26]. (2007)	50 (CVA)	GUSS	SLP Nurse	FEES	Aspiration	100	50~69
Warnecke et al. [27]. (2017)	100 (CVA)	GUSS	SLP	FEES	Aspiration	96.5	55.8
Said Bassiouny et al. [28]. (2017)	40 (CVA)	GUSS	SLP	FEES	Aspiration	93.8	96.1

CVA: cerebrovascular accident, HNC: head and neck cancer, MD: mixed-disease. SLP: speech-language pathologist, NR: not reported. VFSS: videofluoroscopic swallow study, FEES: fiberoptic endoscopic swallow study; MASA: Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability, GUSS: Gugging Swallowing Screen. All solids in the GUSS were dry bread.