AIEC	adherent-invasive Escherichia coli
ALD	alcoholic liver disease
CKD	chronic kidney disease
CRP	c-reactive protein
ECM	extracellular matrix
ESRD	end-stage-renal disease
FMO	flavin monooxygenases
FMT	fecal microbiota transplantation
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors
HF	heart failure
IAA	indole-3 acetic acid
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
IGF-I	insulin-like growth factor I
IL	interleukin
ILDs	interstitial lung diseases
IS	indoxyl sulfate
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
KEGG	Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
LPSs	lipopolysaccharides
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
NLRP3	NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
NOD-NLRs	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PAMPS	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
pCS	p-cresyl sulfate
PPRs	pattern recognition receptors
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-β1
TH	T helper
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TNF-L1A	tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine 1A
TNF-SF15	tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15
Treg	regulatory T cells