Table 3.

Changes of hemodynamics during the initial resuscitation

Hemodynamic variables	Usual care group (n = 42)		VAC-optimized group (n = 40)		P value a	P value b
	0 h	6 h	0 h	6 h
HR (beats/min)	109 ± 19	90 ± 11*	113 ± 20	94 ± 10*	0.328	0.104
CVP (mmHg)	8 ± 3	10 ± 2*	9 ± 3	9 ± 2	0.206	0.016
SAP (mmHg)	92 ± 6	124 ± 11*	90 ± 5	114 ± 10*	0.118	< 0.001
DAP (mmHg)	44 ± 6	63 ± 7*	43 ± 4	63 ± 7*	0.364	0.949
MAP (mmHg)	60 ± 5	83 ± 8*	58 ± 4	80 ± 7*	0.175	0.063
SV (mL)	44 ± 6	48 ± 7*	44 ± 4	49 ± 5*	0.832	0.445
LVEDV (mL)	93 ± 11	96 ± 11*	96 ± 12	98 ± 11*	0.323	0.449
LVESV (mL)	49 ± 7	48 ± 5	50 ± 9	49 ± 7*	0.288	0.505
LVEF (%)	48 ± 4	50 ± 3*	46 ± 5	50 ± 4*	0.161	0.806
Cardiac index (L/min/m2)	2.9 ± 0.7	2.6 ± 0.4*	3.1 ± 0.6	2.9 ± 0.4*	0.216	0.006
Ea (mmHg/mL)	1.90 ± 0.19	2.35 ± 0.33*	1.89 ± 0.15	2.12 ± 0.24*	0.320	< 0.001
Ees (mmHg/mL)	1.32 ± 0.14	1.81 ± 0.26*	1.28 ± 0.12	1.95 ± 0.32*	0.244	0.037
Ea/Ees ratio	1.45 ± 0.16	1.30 ± 0.11*	1.46 ± 0.10	1.10 ± 0.15*	0.915	< 0.001
Lactate level (mmol/L)	3.1 (2.1, 4.4)	2.9 (2.0, 4.3)*	2.8 (2.1, 4.2)	2.0 (1.1, 2.8)*	0.305	0.007

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range)

^a Comparisons of hemodynamics between both groups at 0 h; ^b Comparisons of hemodynamics between both groups at 6 h; * P < 0.05 for comparisons of hemodynamics between 0 h and 6 h within one group

VAC ventricular-arterial coupling, HR heart rate, CVP central venous pressure, SAP systolic arterial pressure, DAP diastolic arterial pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, VTI velocity-time integral, SV stroke volume, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESV left ventricular end-systolic volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, Ea effective arterial elastance, Ees left ventricular end-systolic elastance