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Synthesis of quaternized chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives. (a) N, N, N-quaternized COSs, (b) more diversified N-quaternized COSs, (c) pH = 10, glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride can introduce quaternary ammonium groups in 6-OH of COSs, (d) pH = 7 or other conditions, glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride can introduce quaternary ammonium groups in -NH2 of COSs.
