Table 2.
Associations between baseline characteristics and glucose monitoring metrics over seven days.
| Mean Glucose | %CV Glucose | %Time-in-Range (3.0–7.8 mmol/L) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (CI) | p | Estimate (CI) | p | Estimate (CI) | p | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Male | 0.14 (−0.27, 0.55) | 0.51 | −2.33 (−6.06, 1.40) | 0.22 | 1.12 (−4.13, 6.38) | 0.68 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Chinese | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Indian | −0.14 (−0.68, 0.39) | 0.60 | 0.70 (−3.74, 5.14) | 0.76 | −2.13 (−7.50, 3.24) | 0.44 |
| Malay | −0.27 (−0.85, 0.31) | 0.36 | 1.50 (−3.18, 6.17) | 0.53 | −5.32 (−15.07, 4.43) | 0.28 |
| Age a (years) | −0.05 (−0.27, 0.17) | 0.68 | −0.06 (−1.67, 1.55) | 0.94 | −1.92 (−4.87, 1.04) | 0.20 |
| Education | ||||||
| Below A’ level or the equivalent | Referent | |||||
| A’ level or the equivalent | 0.20 (−0.31, 0.71) | 0.44 | −0.07 (−0.32, 0.18) | 0.59 | −2.26 (−6.70, 2.19) | 0.32 |
| University | 0.44 (0.03, 0.86) | 0.04 | −0.13 (−0.32, 0.07) | 0.20 | −4.38 (−8.10, −0.66) | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.12 (0.03, 0.22) | 0.01 | −0.85 (−1.69, −0.00) | 0.049 | 1.66 (0.17, 3.14) | 0.03 |
| Body fat (kg) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.01 | 0.06 (−0.25, 0.37) | 0.69 | −0.12 (−0.45, 0.22) | 0.50 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.62 | −0.11 (−0.26, 0.05) | 0.17 | 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) | 0.10 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.32 (−0.13, 0.78) | 0.16 | −1.21 (−6.88, 4.46) | 0.68 | −3.03 (−10.01, 3.96) | 0.40 |
| Fasting glucose, (mmol/L) | 0.37 (−0.28, 1.02) | 0.27 | −5.03 (−9.78, −0.27) | 0.04 | −2.55 (−12.20, 7.10) | 0.61 |
| HOMA2−IR | 0.35 (−0.03, 0.74) | 0.072 | −0.18 (−4.32, 3.96) | 0.932 | −0.29 (−4.71, 4.14) | 0.898 |
| 2-h glucose, (mmol/L) | 0.17 (−0.04, 0.39) | 0.11 | 0.84 (−1.32, 3.00) | 0.44 | −2.47 (−5.32, 0.37) | 0.09 |
| Glucose iAUC (1000 units) | 2.05 (0.44, 3.65) | 0.01 | 11.56 (−5.52, 28.64) | 0.19 | −7.06 (−29.09, 14.97) | 0.53 |
| Matsuda Index | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) | 0.02 | −0.04 (−0.49, 0.42) | 0.87 | 0.21 (−0.28, 0.71) | 0.40 |
| Insulin iAUC (1000 units) | 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) | <0.001 | 0.45 (−0.55, 1.46) | 0.38 | −0.73 (−1.82, 0.36) | 0.19 |
| Insulinogenic index (1000 units) | 8.13 (−7.12, 23.38) | 0.30 | −37.65 (−218.22, 142.92) | 0.68 | −90.05 (−332.14, 152.05) | 0.47 |
| Disposition index | −0.45 (−1.02, 0.12) | 0.12 | 1.75 (−3.63, 7.13) | 0.52 | 2.62 (−4.95, 10.19) | 0.50 |
a Regression coefficients are expressed per 10-year increment. CI, confidence interval; CV, coefficient of variation; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA2, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; iAUC, incremental area under curve.