Table 1.
Overview on biologics according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
| Cell-free orthobiologics | Examples |
| Platelet rich plasma | [31] |
| Exosomes | [32] |
| Amniotic fluid | [33] |
| Orthobiologics that are based on allogeneic cells | |
| Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from respectively placenta, umbilical cord or umbilical cord blood | [34–36] |
| Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) | [37] |
| Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) | [38] |
| Orthobiologics that are based on autologous cells | |
| Autologous ADRCs | [20] |
| Autologous ADSCs | [39] |
| Autologous, micro-fragmented fat (from liposuction) | [40] |
| Bone marrow aspirate concentrate | [41] |
| Autologous BM-MSCs | [42] |
| Chondrocyte transplants | [43] |
| Autologous, activated peripheral blood stem cells | [44] |
| Other orthobiologics | |
| Tissue-engineered patches | [45] |
| Cadaver grafts | [46] |
| Modulation of the immune system | [47] |
| Other biologics with currently limited or no relevance in orthopedics | |
| Recombinant therapeutic proteins | |
| Allergenics | |
| Vaccines | |
| Gene therapy |