Table 1.
Characteristics of the trials in the pre-pandemic (PRE) and pandemic (PAN) era.
| Variable | Total (n = 161,377) |
PRE a (n = 59,478) | PAN (n = 101,899) |
p-Value | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sponsor Class | - | - | - | <0.001 | 0.17 |
| • Federal | 8376 (5.2) | 2658 (4.5) | 5718 (5.6) | - | - |
| • Individual | 162 (0.1) | 83 (0.1) | 79 (0.1) | - | - |
| • Industry | 35,669 (22.1) | 15,797 (26.6) | 19,872 (19.5) | - | - |
| • Other | 117,170 (72.6) | 40,940 (68.8) | 76,230 (74.8) | - | - |
| Study Phase b | - | - | - | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| • Phase 1 and/or 2 | 49,421 (30.6) | 17,917 (30.1) | 31,504 (30.9) | - | - |
| • Phase 3 and/or 4 | 26,364 (16.3) | 9982 (16.8) | 16,382 (16.1) | - | - |
| • Not Applicable | 85,592 (53.0) | 31,579 (53.1) | 54,013 (53.0) | - | - |
| Intervention Type | - | - | - | <0.001 | 0.14 |
| • Device | 19,212 (11.9) | 7012 (11.8) | 12,200 (12.0) | - | - |
| • Diagnostic | 1976 (1.2) | 350 (0.6) | 1626 (1.6) | - | - |
| • Drug | 53,618 (33.2) | 20,682 (34.8) | 32,936 (32.3) | - | - |
| • Other | 74,082 (45.9) | 27,619 (46.4) | 46,463 (45.6) | - | - |
| • Procedure | 11,108 (6.9) | 3530 (5.9) | 7578 (7.4) | - | - |
| • Radiation | 1381 (0.9) | 285 (0.5) | 1096 (1.1) | - | - |
| Healthy Volunteers | - | - | - | <0.001 | 0.28 |
| • Accepted | 42,301 (26.2) | 18,589 (31.3) | 23,712 (23.3) | - | - |
| • Not Accepted | 119,076 (73.8) | 40,889 (68.7) | 78,187 (76.7) | - | - |
| Age group included | - | - | - | <0.001 | 0.04 |
| • Adults and Older Adults | 134,532 (83.4) | 49,742 (83.6) | 84,790 (83.2) | - | - |
| • Children Only | 10,029 (6.2) | 3913 (6.6) | 6116 (6.0) | - | - |
| • Children, Adults, and Older Adults | 16,816 (10.4) | 5823 (9.8) | 10,993 (10.8) | - | - |
| Continent | - | -- | - | <0.001 | 0.17 |
| • Africa | 5031 (3.1) | 1731 (2.9) | 3300 (3.2) | - | - |
| • Antarctica | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | - | - |
| • Asia | 30,894 (19.1) | 9325 (15.7) | 21,569 (21.2) | - | - |
| • Europe | 34,409 (21.3) | 13,619 (22.9) | 20,790 (20.4) | - | - |
| • Multiple | 12,373 (7.7) | 4133 (6.9) | 8240 (8.1) | - | - |
| • North America | 59,701 (37.0) | 22,812 (38.4) | 36,889 (36.2) | - | - |
| • Oceania | 871 (0.5) | 332 (0.6) | 539 (0.5) | - | - |
| • South America | 3306 (2.0) | 1319 (2.2) | 1987 (1.9) | - | - |
| • Unknown | 14,791 (9.2) | 6207 (10.4) | 8584 (8.4) | - | - |
| Start Year | - | - | - | <0.001 | 1.19 |
| • Before 2015 | 39,968 (24.8) | 25,095 (42.2) | 14,873 (14.6) | - | - |
| • 2015 | 18,684 (11.6) | 10,835 (18.2) | 7849 (7.7) | - | - |
| • 2016 | 19,917 (12.3) | 9514 (16.0) | 10,403 (10.2) | - | - |
| • 2017 | 20,453 (12.7) | 7427 (12.5) | 13,026 (12.8) | - | - |
| • 2018 | 21,561 (13.4) | 4802 (8.1) | 16,759 (16.4) | - | - |
| • 2019 | 21,693 (13.4) | 1776 (3.0) | 19,917 (19.5) | - | - |
| • 2020 | 19,101 (11.8) | 29 (0.0) | 19,072 (18.7) | - | - |
Data presented as n (%), unless otherwise noted. a Pre-pandemic includes all active trials prior to 11 March 2020. b Trials classified as Phase 2/3 were included in the Phase 1 and/or 2. SMD: standardized mean difference, PAN: pandemic era, PRE: pre-pandemic era.