Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the integration workflow used to predict the mechanisms of action for drug candidates in crude stingray venom. First, venomous spine tissue from five stingray species was used for transcriptome analysis and high-content bioactivity screening. Second, the functional data inferred from both approaches were integrated, enabling the identification of clusters specific for particular envenomation symptoms that reveal candidate toxins and mechanisms of action. The spine 3D model was reproduced with permission from Dr. Jessica Reichert and the stingray image was based on a photograph taken by Hamid Badar Osmany (www.fishbase.org, accessed on 6 August 2019).