Effects of cold or heat exposure on β-diversity and the relative abundance of microbes at the phylum level. (A) β-diversity in comparison of ZT6 and ZT18 in the control group; (B) β-diversity in comparison of the control, cold, and heat groups at ZT6; (C) β-diversity in comparison of the control, cold, and heat groups at ZT18; (D) the relative abundance of microbes at the phylum level in mice were exposed to 22 or 7 or 37 °C for 3 h at each point (ZT6, 18) for 10 days. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 7–12). ** p < 0.01 evaluated using two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc analysis.