Table 1.
LRG1 expression in human cancer
| Sample | Role of LRG1 | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biliary tract | Serum | In conjunction with CA19-9 and IL-6, particularly elevated in high-risk patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis | [179] |
| Tumour tissue | Suggested as independent prognostic factor | [224] | |
| Bladder | Urine | Suggested as biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of recurrence | [186] |
| Breast | Tumour tissue | Suggested as biomarker for neo-adjuvant aromatase inhibitor treatment. Associated with number of lymphatic metastasis, tumour stage and poor survival | [225, 226] |
| Cervical | Urine | Together with MMRN1, highly expressed in urines of cervical cancer patients | [227] |
| Colorectal | Plasma | In conjunction with other biomarkers, proposed as predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic factor. Positively correlates with tumour stage and size | [184, 191, 193, 228, 229] |
| Serum | In conjunction with other biomarkers, suggested as diagnostic, prognostic, and follow-up factor. Associated with altered glycosylation | [13, 230–233] | |
| Tumour tissue | Associated with cancer aggressiveness and vascular density. Proposed as diagnostic in general and prognostic for stage III colorectal cancer | [180, 184, 197] | |
| Stool | In conjunction with Hp, SYNE2, RBP4, FN1 and ANXA6, suggested for early detection of high-risk adenomas and colorectal cancer | [234] | |
| Endometrial | Tumour tissue | Suggested as independent prognostic factor of stage and lymphatic metastasis | [235] |
| Esophageal | Plasma | Significantly elevated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and, in conjunction with alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, proposed as biomarker for early diagnosis | [236] |
| Tumour tissue | Closely correlated with worse clinical survival | [237] | |
| Serum | In combination with CRP and sIL-6R, suggested as biomarker to predict response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy | [238] | |
| Gastric | Serum and tumour tissue | Proposed as prognostic factor. Promotes tumour progression and affects negatively patient relapse-free survival. Correlation between tissue scores and serum levels | [183] |
| Glioblastoma | Plasma | In conjunction with CRP and C9, shows positive correlation with tumour size | [192] |
| Tumour tissue | Significantly higher than in lower-grade glioma. Proposed as potential diagnostic, prognostic, and regional biomarker | [239] | |
| Hepatocellular | Serum | Significantly elevated as part of a broad panel of protein biomarkers and associated with poor responders followig transarterial chemoembolization | [240, 241] |
| Tumour tissue | Positive correlation with tumour size, differentiation, stage, vascularity. Negative correlation with patient survival | [181] | |
| Leukemia | Serum | Highly expressed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia T and B cells. Suggested as biomarker for early diagnosis | [189, 242] |
| Lung | Plasma | Significantly elevated in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and, in conjunction with ACT, C9 and Hpt, proposed as diagnostic factor. Highly indicative of reduced survival time post-radiotherapy | [178, 243] |
| Serum | Significantly elevated and, in conjunction with SAA and C4BP, prognostic in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma. Expressed by circulating tumour cells in metastatic patients | [244, 245] | |
| Urine | Candidate biomarker for diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Highly expressed in urinary exosomes | [246, 247] | |
| Tumour tissue | Upregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma | [190] | |
| Oral | Plasma | In combination with apolipoprotein A-IV, suggested as biomarker for oral cancer screening and early diagnosis | [248] |
| Serum | Increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma and suggested as early diagnostic tool with ABG, CLU, PRO2044, HAP, C3, proapo-A1 and RBP4 | [249] | |
| Saliva | Significantly elevated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and, together with CFB, C3, C4B and SERPINA1, associated with increased risk | [250] | |
| Ovarian | Serum | Alone or in combination with other biomarkers suggested as diagnostic factor | [176, 182, 187, 251] |
| Urine | Multiple LRG1 peptides detected in the urines of all ovarian cancer patients | [227, 252] | |
| Pancreatic | Plasma | Exceeds diagnostic performance of CA19-9 alone in the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). High levels distinguish PDAC from chronic pancreatitis. Elevated during formation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm | [185, 253–258] |
| Serum | In combination with CA19-9, suggested as diagnostic biomarker. Characterized with altered glycosylation pattern. Increases with clinical stage | [12, 177, 259] | |
| Tumour tissue | Associated with higher recurrence rate and worse recurrence-free survival | [256] | |
| Prostate | Serum | Elevated in fatal prostate cancer. Positively correlated with high risk of disease progression and mortality | [260] |
| Renal | Tumour tissue | Overexpressed in clear renal cell carcinoma and negatively related to patient survival | [261] |
| Retinal | Tumour tissue | Highly expressed in retinoblastoma | [262] |
List of publications where LRG1 is discussed as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of various cancer types. The samples used for LRG1 detection (serum, plasma, tissue section or urine), together with the main findings reported in the studies, are included.