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. 2022 Jan 7;14(1):141. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010141

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Schematic depiction of the liposome formation process based on the SHM design, a chaotic advection micromixer for drug-loaded liposomes, and the chamber layout [68]. (B) Microfluidic system schematic (5-input chip mixing junction, Dolomite, Royston, UK), highlighting the mixing junction [85]. (C) Schematic of the lipid nanoparticle-plasmid DNA (LNP-pDNA) complex formulation strategy employing the Y-shape staggered herringbone micromixer (SHM) (NanoAssemblr Benchtop™, Vancouver, BC, CA) [89]. (D) Three-dimensional view of the invasive lipid nanoparticle (iLiNP) device and the size range of LNPs synthesized [90].