Figure 1.

Engineering methods for incorporating therapeutic agents into exosomes. (a) Exogenous cargo incorporation can be achieved using methods such as co-incubation, electroporation, sonication, or extrusion to introduce APIs into the exosomes. (b,c) Endogenous cargo incorporation methods modify the exosome-producing cells to incorporate therapeutic agents into the exosomes through the natural exosome biogenesis pathways. These methods could be divided into two approaches based on whether the cargo is anchored onto the exosomal membrane proteins (e.g., tetraspanins, Lamp2b, PTGFRN) (b) or resides as a non-anchored free form inside the lumen of the exosome (c).