Figure 3.

Strategies for targeted delivery of therapeutic exosomes. Targeted delivery of exosomes to cancer cells could be achieved through either “passive” targeting via exosomal membrane proteins such as integrins, or “active” targeting via surface modification. Targeting moieties can be directly labeled to the exosomal surface via various chemical or physical engineering methods, such as click chemistry. In addition, the surface of exosomes can be engineered indirectly by genetically modifying the exosome-producing cells to express targeting peptides fused with exosomal membrane-associated components such as Lamp2b or C1C2 domain of lactadherin.