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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 21.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Virol. 2020 Sep 29;7(1):447–473. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-021920-113833

Table 1.

Virus vectored vaccine strategies for NiV and HeV

Approach Name(s) Animal model Vaccination dose, route, schedule Adjuvant Challenge Challenge dose, route, schedule Survival Correlate(s) of immunity/protection Reference
Poxvirus NYVAC-NiV-F and/or -G Hamster 2 doses at 1 × 107 PFU, s.c., 1 month apart None NiV-M 1 × 103 PFU, i.p., 3 months later 100% NAb response, viral RNA 127
ALVAC-NiV-F and/or -G Pigs 2 doses at 1 × 108 PFU, i.m., 2 weeks apart None NiV-M 2.5 × 105 PFU, i.n., 28 days later 100% NAb response, viral RNA, infectious virus, viral shedding, cytokine production 140
ALVAC-HeV-F and/or -G Hamster 2 doses at 7.4 or 5.4 log10 CCID50, s.c., 3 weeks apart None HeV 1 × 103 LD50, i.p., 21 days later 89% and 63% NAb response, viral RNA, viral antigen, viral shedding 141
Ponies 2 doses at 6 log10 CCID50, i.m., 3 weeks apart None NT NA NA High NAb titers
MVA-NiV-sG and/or MVA-NiV-G IFNAR−/− mice 1 or 2 doses at 1 × 108 PFU, i.m., 3 weeks apart None NT NA NA High serum IgG titers, NiV-G-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells 142
VSV VSV-NiV-F and/or -G Mice 5 × 103 PFU, i.n. or i.m. None NT NA NA High NAb titers 144
Hamster 1 × 106 infectious particles, i.m. NiV-M 1 × 105 TCID50, i.p., 32 days later 100% NAb response, viral RNA, viral antigen 145
VSV-NiV-B F and/or G Ferret 1 × 107 PFU, i.m. None NiV-M 5 × 103 PFU, i.n., 28 days later 100% Serum IgG response, viral RNA, viral antigen 146
AGM NiV-B 5 × 105 PFU, i.t. and i.n., 28 days later NAb response, viral RNA, viral antigen 147
VSV-ZEBOV-GP-NiV F, G, or N Hamster 1 × 105 PFU, i.p. None NiV-M 1 × 103 LD50, i.p., 28 days later 100% NAb response, viral RNA, infectious virus 148
AGM 1 × 107 PFU, i.m. 1 × 105 TCID50, i.t., 29 days later NAb response, viral RNA, infectious virus, viral shedding 149
VSV-HeV-G Mice 1 × 105 PFU, i.m. None NT NA NA Serum IgG, Nab response 150
AAV AAV8 NiV.G Mice 2 × 1010 genome particles, i.m. or 1 × 1010 genome particles, i.d. None NT NA NA Serum IgG, Nab response 151
Hamster 6 × 1011 genome particles, i.m. NiV-M 1 × 104 PFU, i.p., 5 weeks later 100% Serum IgG, NAb response, viral RNA, viral antigen
HeV 50%
Adenovirus ChAdOx1 NiV-B G Hamster 2 doses at 1 × 108 IU, i.m., 28 days apart None NiV-B 5.3 × 105 TCID50, i.p., 28 days later 100% NAb response, viral RNA, infectious virus, virus shedding 153
1 × 108 IU, i.m. NiV-M 6.8 × 104 TCID50, i.p., 28 days later 100%
HeV 6 × 103 TCID50, i.p., 28 days later 33%
Measles virus rMV-Ed-G or rMV-HL-G Hamster 2 doses at 2 × 104 TCID50, i.p., 3 weeks apart None NiV-M 1 × 103 TCID50, i.p., 1 week later 100% Serum IgG response NA
rMV-Ed-G AGM 2 doses at 1 × 105 TCID50, s.c., 4 weeks apart 1 × 105 TCID50, i.p., 1 week later Serum IgG response, viral RNA 154
Inactivated RABV RABV-HeV-G Mice 3 doses at 10 μg, i.m., 2 weeks apart None NT NA NA High NAb titers, serum IgG response 150
RABV-NiV-B G 2 doses at 10 μg, i.m., 4 weeks apart 155
RABV RABV-NiV-F and/or -G Mice 1 × 106.5 FFU, oral None NT NA NA Serum IgG, Nab response 156

All NiV glycoprotein vaccines employ the NiV-M strain unless otherwise indicated.

Abbreviations: AAV, adeno-associated virus; AGM, African green monkey; CCID50, 50% cell culture infectious dose; ChAdOx1, chimpanzee adenovirus Oxford 1; F, fusion glycoprotein; FFU, focus forming units; G, attachment glycoprotein; HeV, Hendra virus; i.d., intradermal; i.m., intramuscular; i.n., intranasal; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.t., intratracheal; IFNAR, interferon receptor; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IU, infectious unit; LD50, 50% lethal dose; MVA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara; NA, not applicable; NAb, neutralizing antibody; NiV, Nipah virus; NiV-B, Nipah virus Bangladesh; NiV-M, Nipah virus Malaysia; NT, not tested; PFU, plaque forming unit; RABV, rabies virus; rMV-Ed, recombinant measles virus Edmonston; rMV-HL, recombinant measles virus HL; s.c., subcutaneous; sF, F glycoprotein soluble ectodomain; sG, G glycoprotein soluble ectodomain; TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious dose; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; ZEBOV-GP, Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein.