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. 2022 Jan 21;17(1):e0262601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262601

Table 4. Results from logistic regression analysis of the outcome chronic pain at the one-year follow-up.

Unadjusted Adjusteda
OR CI p OR CI p
Model 1
n = 1523, n = 1523
Stress Yes (ref. No) 1.7 1.1–2.6 0.010 1.6 1.0–2.4 0.029
Non-restorative sleep Yes (ref. No) 1.5 1.0–2.3 0.036 1.5 1.0–2.3 0.037
Inactivity Yes (ref. No) 1.7 1.1–2.7 0.029 1.8 1.1–3.0 0.016
Model 2 <0.001 <0.001
n = 1523, n = 1523
Interaction variable
Interactions (ref. no stress, no non-restorative sleep, no inactivity) Only stress 2.3 1.3–4.1 0.007 2.2 1.2–4.0 0.010
Only non-rest. sleep 1.5 0.7–3.2 0.298 1.6 0.7–3.5 0.228
Only inactivity 1.7 0.6–5.1 0.360 1.7 0.6–5.3 0.345
Stress+inactivity 1.4 0.4–5.0 0.575 1.5 0.4–5.2 0.535
Stress+non-rest. sleep 2.6 1.4–4.7 0.002 2.4 1.3–4.4 0.006
Inact.+non-rest. sleep 6.2 2.3–17.0 0.001 6.9 2.5–19.2 <0.001
All three 5.1 2.4–11.1 <0.001 5.2 2.4–11.5 <0.001
Model 3
n = 1523, n = 1523
Stress Yes (ref. No) 1.7 1.1–2.5 0.016 1.6 1.0–2.4 0.042
Inactivity Yes (ref. No) 1.7 1.0–2.7 0.039 1.8 1.1–2.9 0.024
Sleep disturbanceb Yes (ref. No) 0.9 0.5–1.6 0.671 0.8 0.5–1.5 0.518
Tirednessc Yes (ref. No) 1.9 1.2–2.9 0.004 1.9 1.2–2.9 0.004

a Included confounders in all models (Model 1-Model 3): gender, education

b Yes = presence of at least one of “frequent awakenings” and “difficulty falling asleep”.

c Yes = presence of at least one of “non-restorative sleep” and “tired during the daytime”.

OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. The sample size in the unadjusted and adjusted model is given.