. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Crit Care. 2022 Feb 1;28(1):1–8. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000903

Table 1.

Overview of selected ARDS phenotypes, clinical utility, and main limitations.

Phenotypes	Sub-phenotypes	Established clinical use		Main limitations
Phenotypes	Sub-phenotypes	Prognostic	Therapeutic
Clinical
	Etiology	X	X (COVID-19 only)	High risk of misclassification
	Sepsis
	Trauma
	Direct lung injury
	Time course	X
	Early vs late
	Rapidly resolving
	Radiographic	X
	RALE score
	Murray lung injury score
	Focal vs non-focal
Physiological
	P/F ratio	X	X	Rapidly changing variables
	Dead space fraction	X
	Ventilatory ratio	X
	Driving pressure	X
Biological
	Protein biomarkers	X		Identifying interventions is complicated by partial understanding of complex biology
	Epithelial injury
	Endothelial injury
	Proinflammatory cytokines
	Disordered coagulation
	Reactive vs uninflamed
	Composite clinical/protein	X	X
	Hyperinflammatory vs
	Hypoinflammatory
	Metabolomics	X
	High vs low metabolite pulmonary edema fluid	X