Figure 4.

The pathological processes of cellular senescence in cardiovascular diseases. The senescent cardiovascular cells exert both beneficial and detrimental effect in cardiovascular diseases in a context-dependent manner. On the on hand, the senescent cells can restrict the fibrosis and prevent cardiac remodeling during ageing-related cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP) can modulate inflammation and promote angiogenesis during cardiac regeneration and myocardial infarction by bystander effects, which contributing to decreased cardiac dysfunction. On the other hand, the senescence is proposed as a key negative mechanism in promoting various age-related cardiovascular diseases (including atherosclerosis, heart rupture post AMI, cardiac aging, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and hypertension).