Figure 1.

Classification of AKT activations pathways. There are five main types of AKT activation pathways: NAD⁺-related pathways, the DJ-1 pathway, mTOR signaling, the AMPK pathway, and the heat shock protein-related pathway. Abbreviations: PARPs, poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerases; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase; NEMO, NF-kappa-B essential modulator; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; 4EBP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; HSP, heat shock protein.