Table 1.

Demographic and clinical data of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder compared to healthy controls (cross-sectional) and longitudinal assessments of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder baseline vs. follow-up assessments

	Cross-sectional group			Longitudinal assessment iRBD
	iRBD	HC	p value	baseline	follow-up		p value
Demographics
Subjects, n	17	16	n.s	10	10		n.s
Sex	17 m, 0 f	16 m, 0 f	n.s	10 m, 0 f	10 m, 0 f		n.s
Age, years	66.25 ± 9.17	66.54 ± 11.33	n.s	61.54 ± 11.97	65.27 ± 11.08		< 0.0001
Duration of iRBD, years	5.85 ± 3.47	n.a	n.s	2.31 ± 2.25	5.95 ± 3.08		0.001
RBD Quest	8.53 ± 2.76**	0.75 ± 1.39	< 0.0001	9.90 ± 3.00	8.70 ± 2.71*		0.024
UPDRS III	2.29 ± 1.90**	0.19 ± 0.54	< 0.0001	0.90 ± 1.29	1.90 ± 2.23		n.s
Sympathoneural
NE supine, pg/ml	249.59 ± 99.78*	354.13 ± 116.38	0.017	n.a	n.a		n.a
NE upright, pg/ml	579.12 ± 235.41	760.63 ± 303.45	n.s	n.a	n.a		n.a
Mean supine systolic BP, mm Hg	125.45 ± 20.92	124.74 ± 20.28	n.s	117.04 ± 11.43	125.87 ± 21.22		n.s
		n = 15
Mean upright systolic BP, mm Hg	123.17 ± 21.62	128.72 ± 29.74	n.s	120.31 ± 12.68	121.21 ± 18.62		n.s
		n = 15
Mean supine diastolic BP, mm Hg	68.41 ± 9.84	69.72 ± 12.12	n.s	65.89 ± 7.16	70.10 ± 8.52		n.s
		n = 15
Mean upright diastolic BP, mm Hg	71.82 ± 12.59	75.66 ± 14.61	n.s	73.20 ± 7.63	73.10 ± 12.61		n.s
		n = 15
Mean HR supine, beats/min	60.85 ± 9.14	58.75 ± 8.33	n.s	64.32 ± 9.6	62.55 ± 9.94		n.s
		n = 14		n = 8
Mean HR upright, beats/min	68.71 ± 10.88	64.29 ± 6.70	n.s	72.98 ± 10.60	70.61 ± 11.71*		0.019
		n = 14		n = 8
Systolic BP change 3 min standing, mm Hg	− 0.96 ± 9.00	2.13 ± 6.31	n.s	− 1.21 ± 4.89	− 0.25 ± 10.15		n.s
		n = 15
Diastolic BP change 3 min standing, mm Hg	3.32 ± 13.26	7.70 ± 6.83	n.s	6.90 ± 9.05	3.52 ± 16.97		n.s
		n = 15
HR change 3 min standing, beats/min	7.48 ± 8.26	6.20 ± 7.15	n.s	10.43 ± 8.27	9.34 ± 7.56		n.s
		n = 14
Max systolic BP change, mm Hg	− 41.45 ± 16.88*	− 23.67 ± 16.23	0.005	-24.50 ± 11.70	− 42.27 ± 20.01*		0.024
		n = 15
Max diastolic BP change, mm Hg	− 21.35 ± 11.48*	–10.92 ± 8.76	0.008	− 12.79 ± 7.99	− 21.60 ± 13.34*		0.037
		n = 15
Max HR raise, beats/min	20.32 ± 7.99	18.39 ± 13.16	n.s	20.87 ± 8.4	21.82 ± 9.33		n.s
		n = 14		n = 8
Max BP change mean systolic, mm Hg	− 2.28 ± 15.98	3.98 ± 14.28	n.s	3.27 ± 14.47	− 4.66 ± 19.53		n.s
		n = 15
Max BP change mean diastolic, mm Hg	3.41 ± 11.04	5.94 ± 7.30	n.s	7.31 ± 7.85	3.0 ± 13.99		n.s
		n = 15
Cardiovagal
RSA difference BPmax/BPmin, ms	102.25 ± 71.29	124.13 ± 60.47	n.s	81.11 ± 80.62	99 ± 69.43		n.s
	n = 16	n = 15		n = 9
Heart rate variability supine, ms	4.02 ± 2.32	6.87 ± 6.89	n.s	4.21 ± 1.72	3.83 ± 2.21		n.s
		n = 15		n = 8
Valsalva ratio (BPmax/BPmin)	1.30 ± 0.12	1.44 ± 0.43	n.s	1.46 ± 0.27	1.29 ± 0.11*		0.007
	n = 16	n = 12		n = 9	n = 9
Ewing 30:15 quotient	1.36 ± 0.77	1.16 ± 0.11	n.s	1.15 ± 0.11	1.12 ± 0.07		n.s
		n = 14		n = 9
Non-motor symptoms
NMS Quest	6.82 ± 3.73**	2.19 ± 2.07	< 0.0001	7.10 ± 4.07	6.60 ± 3.13		n.s
OH	12 yes, 5 no	1 yes, 15 no	< 0.0001	3 yes, 7 no	8 yes, 2 no*		0.015
BDI-II	7.77 ± 8.87*	1.50 ± 2.42	0.014	7.00 ± 9.24	5.70 ± 6.99		n.s
MoCA	27.41 ± 2.06	28.69 ± 1.25	n.s	27.44 ± 2.01	27.10 ± 2.28		n.s
				n = 9
Olfaction left	9 (6–10)°**	14 (11.5–15)°	0.004	10 (7–10)°	9 (6–10)°		n.s
				n = 9
Olfaction right	6 (5–9)°**	13.5 (12–14.25)°	< 0.0001	8.5 (7.75–10.25)°	7 (6–9.75)°		n.s
				n = 8

Bold values represent the significant data

Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), blood pressure (BP), female (f), healthy control (HC), heart rate (HR), idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD), male (m), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Non-motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMS Quest), norepinephrine (NE), not significant (n.s.), orthostatic hypotension (OH), RBD Questionnaire (RBD Quest), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating scale, part III (UPDRS III)

Significant differences between groups or baseline vs. follow-up at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, data presented as the mean ± SD, but as median (IQR) for olfaction