Table 2.

Studies reporting final diagnoses in patients referred for evaluation to tertiary MS centers

Study	Year data collected	Centre where evaluation of MS took place	Patients with diagnoses other than MS	Proportion of diagnoses other than MS which were FND, functional disorder or psychiatric diagnoses
Murray and Murray [19]	1979–1983	Tertiary center, Canada	52/400 (13%)	“Psychiatric conditions”: 14/52 (27%) [anxiety (n = 6), depression (n = 4), hysteria (n = 2)]
Nielsen et al. [22, 23]	1998–2001	Tertiary center, Netherlands	116/377 (31%)	No diagnoses of FND or psychiatric disorders “No certain diagnosis could be made”: 87/116
Carmosino et al. [20], Brousseau et al. [21]	2001–2003	Tertiary center, United States	186/281 (66%)	“Possible psychiatric”: 63/186 (34%) [somatoform (n = 48), mood disorders (n = 21), anxiety (n = 7)]
Rolak and Fleming [24]	2004–2007	Tertiary center, United States	70/142 (49%)	“Psychiatric”: 53/70 (76%)
Bichuetti et al. [25]	1994–2013	Tertiary center, Brazil	495/1599 (31%)	Not specified “Other diagnosis” 108/495
Yamout et al. [26]	2011–2016	Tertiary centers, Lebanon and Kuwait	131/431 (30%)	“Psychogenic”: 19/131 (15%)
Calabrese et al. [27]	2014	22 tertiary centers, Italy	163/667 (24%)	Total: 9/163 (6%) [“psychiatric” (n = 5), “fibromyalgia” (n = 4)]
Clarke et al. [28]	2015–2018	Tertiary center, United Kingdom	23/35 (66%)	FND or functional sensory symptoms: 3/23 (13%)