Table 2.
Descriptive data (observed values) and analyses estimates (by intention to treat) for the behavioural outcomes and mBDNF.
| HiBalance group | Active control group | Time by group interaction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Reg. | b (95% CI) | p | Cohen’s d | |
| Mini-BESTesta | 20.7 | 22.1 | 21.0 | 21.8 | lin. | 0.4 | 0.57 | 0.14 |
| (3.4) | (3.0) | (3.5) | (3.1) | (−1.0, 1.9) | – | |||
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | lin. | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| (0.2) | (0.2) | (0.2) | (0.2) | (−0.03, 0.12) | – | |||
| Step length (cm) | 65.0 | 68.0 | 64.4 | 66.1 | lin. | 1.1 | 0.53 | 0.13 |
| (8.5) | (7.5) | (9.5) | (9.6) | (−2.3, 4.5) | – | |||
| Walk-12b | 9.5 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | poiss. | −0.1 | 0.29 | – |
| (12.2) | (13.0) | (11.0) | (11.0) | (−0.4, 0.1) | – | |||
| Steps per day | 4936.6 | 4800.8 | 5462.4 | 5609.5 | log lin. | −0.1 | 0.47 | – |
| (3548.8) | (3631.0) | (4690.9) | (4580.9) | (−0.4, 0.2) | – | |||
| Frändin–Grimbyc | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | binom. | 0.9 | 0.30 | – |
| (1) | (1) | (1) | (1) | (−0.8, 2.6) | – | |||
| MDS-UPDRS-IIId | 31.2 | 29.1 | 31.8 | 28.8 | lin. | −0.4 | 0.87 | −0.038 |
| (11.9) | (11.9) | (10.3) | (10.7) | (−5.5, 4.6) | – | |||
| MDS-UPDRS Tot.d | 51.0 | 48.2 | 50.4 | 45.8 | lin. | −0.3 | 0.93 | −0.020 |
| (18.8) | (17.8) | (15.5) | (16.8) | (−7.6, 6.9) | – | |||
| ABCe | 84.2 | 87.2 | 84.1 | 88.1 | beta | 0.2 | 0.27 | – |
| (22.5) | (14.0) | (21.6) | (14.7) | (−0.1, 0.4) | – | |||
| Executive functionf | 0.6 | 1.5 | −0.7 | 0.1 | lin. | 0.2 | 0.75 | 0.054 |
| (2.6) | (2.6) | (2.4) | (3.0) | (−0.8, 1.1) | – | |||
| mBDNF (pg/mL) | 38,010.8 | 37,169.4 | 37,805.3 | 35,945.8 | lin. | 106.8 | 0.94 | 0.036 |
| (7956.7) | (5928.3) | (8044.6) | (6208.5) | (−2752.6, 2966.3) | – | |||
| Voice sound level (dB) | 70.3 | 70.6 | 70.8 | 73.0 | lin. | −2.1 | 0.0012 | −0.54 |
| (3.5) | (3.9) | (4.0) | (4.0) | (−3.4, −0.9) | – | |||
| PDQ-39g | 19.7 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 11.9 | poiss. | −0.1 | 0.56 | – |
| (17.8) | (15.7) | (17.9) | (18.1) | (−0.4, 0.2) | – | |||
| EQ-5D VASh | 70 | 75 | 80 | 80 | beta | 0.2 | 0.26 | – |
| (20) | (14) | (15) | (19) | (−0.2, 0.5) | – | |||
| HADS depressioni | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | poiss. | −0.1 | 0.79 | – |
| (5) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (−0.4, 0.3) | – | |||
| HADS anxietyj | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | poiss. | −0.1 | 0.38 | – |
| (5) | (4) | (3) | (6) | (−0.5, 0.2) | – | |||
The pre and post values are mean and standard deviation for all normally distributed outcomes (reg. = lin.) and otherwise median and interquartile range. The column Reg. defines the type of multilevel model (mlm) used for the outcome. lin. linear, log lin. linear mlm on logged values, binom. logistic, poiss. Poisson, beta mlm based on beta regression. b unstandardised estimate. Degrees of freedom are not reported as the calculation is controversial and error prone for multilevel models. Mini-BESTest the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test, Frändin–Grimby the Frändin–Grimby scale, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorders Society – Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, ABC the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, mBDNF mature BDNF, PDQ-39 the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39, EQ-5D-VAS the EuroQol-5 Dimensions visual analogue scale, HADS the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale.
aHigher scores reflect better balance.
bHigher scores reflect more gait-related problems.
cHigher scores reflect a higher degree of physical activity in daily life.
dHigher scores reflect more Parkinson’s disease-related symptoms.
eHigher scores reflect higher balance confidence.
fHigher scores reflect higher executive function.
gHigher scores reflect a higher Parkinson’s disease-specific health-related quality.
hHigher scores reflect a better general health status.
iHigher scores reflect higher levels of depression.
jHigher scores reflect higher levels of anxiety.