Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Characteristics | n = 356 | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean (SD) | 18.79 (1.08) | 18.01–29.65 |
| Gender, N (%) | – | |
| Male | 144 (40.45%) | |
| Female | 211 (59.27%) | |
| Other | 1 (0.28%) | |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | – | |
| Hispanic | 47 (13.20%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 309 (86.80%) | |
| Race, N (%)a | – | |
| White | 237 (66.57%) | |
| Black or African American | 24 (6.4%) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 12 (3.37%) | |
| Middle Eastern/North African | 3 (0.84%) | |
| Asian Indian | 7 (1.97%) | |
| Chinese | 3 (0.84%) | |
| Japanese | 0 | |
| Korean | 2 (0.56%) | |
| Other Asian | 9 (2.53%) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0 | |
| Some other race | 8 (2.25%) | |
| Multi-racial | 51 (14.33%) | |
| Resilience Training, N (%) | – | |
| Yes | 150 (42.13%) | |
| No | 206 (57.87%) | |
| Annual parent or household income, N (%)b | – | |
| $50,000 and less | 113 (31.74%) | |
| $50,000-$100,000 | 94 (26.40%) | |
| $100,000-$150,000 | 63 (17.70% | |
| $150,000 and over | 86 (24.16%) | |
| Place Resided before College | – | |
| In-State | 200 (56.18%) | |
| Out-of-State | 156 (43.82%) | |
| First-Generation in College | – | |
| First-Generation | 51 (14.33%) | |
| Not First-Generation | 305 (85.67%) | |
| Religion | – | |
| Religious | 263 (73.88%) | |
| Non-Religious | 93 (26.12%) | |
| Importance of Religion | 4.51 (2.12) | 1.00–7.00 |
| High school GPA, Mean (SD) | 3.95 (0.43) | 2.58–5.70 |
| High School Class Sizec | – | |
| <100 | 89 (25.00%) | |
| 100–300 | 93 (26.12%) | |
| 300–500 | 65 (18.26%) | |
| 500–700 | 40 (11.24%) | |
| 700–900 | 25 (7.02%) | |
| >900 | 44 (12.36%) | |
| Medical History | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury, N (%) mild/moderate | 109 (30.62%) | – |
| Psychotropic medication use, N (%), ≥ 1 | 126 (35.39%) | 1.00–9.00 |
| Psychotherapy treatment in past 3 months | 37 (10.39%) | – |
| Number of current medical problems, ≥ 1 | 58 (16.29%) | 0.00–5.00 |
| Substance Use, M (SD) | ||
| Tobacco | 0.85 (3.05) | 0.00–28.00 |
| Alcohol | 3.02 (5.23) | 0.00–34.00 |
| Cannabis | 1.12 (3.81) | 0.00–31.00 |
| Cocaine | 0.03 (0.53) | 0.00–10.00 |
| Amphetamines | 0.15 (1.89) | 0.00–27.00 |
| College experience | ||
| Number types of extra-curricular activities, ≥ 1 | 317 (89.04%) | 0.00–8.00 |
| Number types of academic help sought, ≥ 1 | 73 (20.51%) | 0.00–3.00 |
| Number of types of psych help sought, ≥ 1 | 60 (16.85%) | 0.00–3.00 |
| Satisfaction with education | 5.63 (1.03) | 2.00–7.00 |
| Satisfaction with social experience | 5.27 (1.48) | 1.00–7.00 |
| Major Declared | 313 (87.92%) | – |
| Financial Aid type | – | |
| Athletic | 25 (7.02%) | |
| Academic | 297 (83.43%) | |
| Need-Based Grant | 150 (42.13%) | |
| Work for pay | 116 (32.58%) | – |
| Hours of work per week | 3.80 (6.87) | 0.00–40.00 |
| College, N (%) | – | |
| A&S College | 77 (21.63%) | |
| HS College | 90 (25.28%) | |
| Business College | 43 (12.08%) | |
| Eng&NS College | 146 (41.01%) | |
| Baseline Assessments, Mean (SD) | ||
| Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire – Revised | 4.07 (2.04) | 3.00–14.00 |
| PROMIS Depression | 53.23 (8.11) | 34.20–78.20 |
| PROMIS Anxiety | 56.21 (9.10) | 32.90–84.90 |
| PROMIS Emotional Support | 50.83 (8.44) | 22.30–66.20 |
| PROMIS Informational Support | 53.41 (8.97) | 23.20–69.80 |
| PROMIS Social Isolation | 50.86 (8.82) | 31.80–73.10 |
| PROMIS Sleep Disturbance | 49.23 (8.88) | 26.30–77.40 |
| PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment | 53.88 (8.78) | 26.20–81.20 |
| NIH Toolbox Meaning & Purpose | 48.17 (10.58) | 15.30–68.50 |
| NIH Toolbox Friendship | 48.43 (10.72) | 16.50–67.10 |
| NIH Toolbox Self-Efficacy | 45.16 (8.62) | 20.80–68.30 |
| NIH Toolbox Positive Affect | 45.70 (9.44) | 16.80–69.40 |
| NIH Toolbox Perceived Stress | 61.33 (6.42) | 22.70–81.90 |
| Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 | 27.92 (6.76) | 6.00–34.00 |
| Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory | 38.13 (7.51) | 18.00–56.00 |
| Emotion Regulation Scale | ||
| Suppression Score | 4.06 (1.29) | 1.00–7.00 |
| Reappraisal Score | 4.69 (1.09) | 1.00–7.00 |
| Vrana-Lauterbach Traumatic Events Scale | ||
| Number of traumas | 1.49 (1.84) | 0.00–11.00 |
| Intensity of worst trauma | 10.68 (4.64) | 3.00–26.00 |
Abbreviations: GPA, grade point average; A&S, Arts and Sciences; HS, Health Sciences; Eng&NS, Engineering and Natural Sciences; PROMIS, Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; NIH, NIH.
The following Race variables were collapsed into one category for machine learning purposes: Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Middle Eastern/North African, Asian Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Other Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, Some other race, and Multi-racial, and entered into machine learning analysis with together with White variable.
Annual parent or household income variables were collapsed into the following categories for machine learning purposes: <$100,000 and >$100,000.
High School Class Size variables were collapsed into the following categories for machine learning purposes: <500, 500–900, and >900.