Fig. 2.

Locations of translation in fungal cells. Messenger RNA (purple) is transcribed in the nucleus, exported to the cytoplasm, and then translated by ribosomes (dark blue) in a variety of sub-cytoplasmic locations. We highlight the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) surface, cortical or plasma-membrane-proximal ER, translating vesicles, behind the spitzenkörper vesicle distribution center, the mitochondrial surface, and translation granules, as well as generic cytoplasmic ribosomes. Most ribosomes are shown complexed with mRNA, because 85% of ribosomes in fast-growing S. cerevisiae are engaged in active translation (Arava et al. 2003). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)