Table 3 –

The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus related to macrosomia, any birth defects and cyanotic congenital heart disease in the hierarchical logistic regression analysis.

	Macrosomia			Any birth defect			Cyanotic Congenital heart disease
	Odds Ratio	95% CI	p value	Odds Ratio	95% CI	p value	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P value
Model 1
PGDM	2.78	2.59, 2.98	<0.001	2.32	1.85, 2.92	<0.001	5.49	3.68, 8.19	<0.001
GDM	1.55	1.50, 1.60	<0.001	1.23	1.10, 1.38	<0.001	1.39	1.04, 1.85	0.026
Model 2
PGDM	2.29	2.11, 2.47	<0.001	2.18	1.69, 2.80	<0.001	4.97	3.20, 7.70	<0.001
GDM	1.25	1.21, 1.29	<0.001	1.21	1.07, 1.37	0.003	1.42	1.05, 1.92	0.022

Model 1: unadjusted.

Model 2: adjusted for age (35 years or not), smoking during pregnancy, drinking during pregnancy, race, education, employed during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI, depression, hypertension (pre-pregnancy and gestational hypertension).

PGDM: pre-gestational diabetes mellitus; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; CI: confidence intervals.