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. 2022 Jan 22;100(4):555–568. doi: 10.1007/s00109-022-02177-4

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Plasma levels of glutamate and metabolites in COVID-19 patients. Plasma levels of amino acids, proteolysis markers and amino acid synthesis substrates were analyzed in COVID-19 patients with low (< 15 pg/mL, light blue dots) and high (> 15 pg/mL, dark blue dots) IL-6 levels and control patients (grey dots) by targeted metabolomics. Data are expressed in µmol/L. Glutamine and its metabolites were identified as the pathway most downregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infection. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared to control group