Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and control groups. Data are shown as arithmetic means (± SD) or geometric means with 95% CI for the mean back-transformed after logarithmic transformation. For discrete or continuous variables significance was determined with χ2 or Student’s and Welch’s t-tests
| COVID-19 | Control | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 59.2 ± 18.2 | 63.3 ± 16.3 | 0.34 | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male (n) | 10 | 23 | 0.64 | ||
| Female (n) | 10 | 14 | 0.57 | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 8 (40) | 2 (5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | 7 (35) | 10 (27) | 0.64 | ||
| Asthma bronchiale | 3 (15) | 4 (11) | 0.68 | ||
| Cancer | 6 (30) | 9 (24) | 0.72 | ||
| Renal diseases | 3 (15) | 4 (11) | 0.64 | ||
| Coronary heart disease | 2 (10) | 9 (24) | 0.27 | ||
| Other heart diseases | 3 (15) | 10 (27) | 0.41 | ||
| Thyroid dysfunction | 3 (15) | 6(16) | 0.91 | ||
| Cholecystolithiasis | 1 (5) | 3(8) | 0.68 | ||
| Symptoms, n (%) | |||||
| Dyspnea | 6(30) | 4 (11) | 0.14 | ||
| Fever at metabolomic screening | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.18 | ||
| Fever during hospitalization | 11 (55) | 1 (3) | 0.004 | ||
| Diarrhea | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | 0.03 | ||
| Dry cough | 8 (40) | 1 (3) | 0.003 | ||
| Headache | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.06 | ||
| Fatigue | 5 (25) | 1 (3) | 0.03 | ||
| None of above symptoms | 4 (20) | 28 (76) | 0.02 | ||
| Diagnostic imaging, n (%) | |||||
| Pulmonary infiltrates | 16 (80) | 2 (5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Laboratory parameters | |||||
| Hb (g/L) | 12.3 ± 6.0 | 11.8 ± 2.5 | 0.78 | ||
| Red blood cells (T/L) | 4.06 ± 0.73 | 3.56 ± 0.71 | 0.02 | ||
| White blood cells (G/L) | 6.8 ± 3.3 | 6.5 ± 3.2 | 0.47 | ||
| Platelets (G/L) | 285 ± 99 | 222 ± 102 | 0.03 | ||
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 140 ± 4 | 141 ± 3 | 0.43 | ||
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.25 | ||
| AST (U/l) | 21.7 < 29.1 < 39.1 | 16.8 < 20.3 < 24.5 | 0.04 | ||
| ALT (U/l) | 27.3 ± 16.1 | 23.0 ± 11.8 | 0.08 | ||
| CRP (mg/l) | 17.7 < 34.4 < 67.7 | 4.0 < 4.2 < 4.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| IL-6 (ng/L) | 4.6 < 5.7 < 7.6 | 11.3 < 21.3 < 39.8 | < 0.001 | ||
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.29 ± 0.14 | 0.48 ± 0.29 | 0.018 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.67 < 1.06 < 1.67 | 0.85 < 1.00 < 1.18 | 0.82 | ||
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 7.7 < 12.0 < 18.8 | 14.3 < 18.2 < 23.3 | 0.65 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 155.9 ± 3.3 | 162.6 ± 33.7 | 0.52 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/mL) | 119 < 144 < 174 | 98 < 113 < 1443 | 0.07 | ||
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 31.2 ± 10.9 | 42.6 ± 14.3 | 0.003 | ||
| Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL) | 106.3 ± 23.1 | 80.2 ± 20.9 | < 0.001 | ||