Table 1.
Studies investigating the association between FFM/LBM and IR in children and adolescents
| Reference | Study design | Population n (♀;♂) | Age | Country | Study period | Method to assess maturation stage | Method to assess body composition | Metabolic variables | IR criteria | Body composition outcome by IR | Association: body composition– IR | Secondary outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non IR mean ± SD |
IR mean ± SD |
||||||||||||
| Burrows et al. [30] | CS | 667 adolescents (♀ 47.8%; ♂ 52.2%) | 16.8 ± 0.3 | Chile | NA | NA | DXA | Fasting glucose; TG; HDL-C; WC; BP; adiponectin; hs-CRP. | HOMA-IR | (n = 558) | (n = 109) | Adolescents with IR had significantly lower (p < 0.001) mean values of LM (%). | Independently significant association between IR and sarcopenia (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 3.2–7.5) |
|
LM (%) 68.7 ± 11.4 |
LM (%) 62.0 ± 9.4 |
||||||||||||
| Sanches et al. [29] | CT | 66 post-pubertal adolescents with obesity. | 16.8 ± 1.6 | Brazil | Tanner V 100% | Tanner stages | Air-displacement plethysmography (BOD-POD) | LDL-C; HDL-C; VLDL; HOMA-IR; QUICKI; MBP; leptin; adiponectin; Leptin/Adiponectin ratio and resistin. | HOMA-IR; QUICKI | (n = 27) | (n = 39) | No significant difference between groups with IR and non-IR. | |
|
LBM (%) 52.62 ± 5.77 |
LBM (%) 52.42 ± 5.34 |
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| Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al. [28] | CS | 443 schoolchildren (♀ 44.4%; ♂ 55.5%) | 10 (9–11) | Spain | NA | NA | Anthropometric measurements (equation of Parizkova for body fat (%)) | Fasting glucose; TG; HDL-C; WC; BP; adiponectin determinations; hs-CRP. | HOMA |
(n = 427) (♀ 238; ♂ 189) |
(n = 16) (♀ 8; ♂ 8) |
Adolescents with IR had significantly lower (p < 0.01) mean values of FFBM (%) and significantly differences with respect to sex (p < 0.05) | |
|
FFBM (%) ♀ 77.8 (72.1–82.7) ♂ 79.8 (74.2–85.4) Total 78.5 (73.0–83.8) |
FFBM (%) ♀69.5 (67.4–74.0) ♂ 72.9 (69.6–81.9) Total 70.6 (68.2–75.8) |
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CS Cross-sectional studies, CT Clinical trial, NA Not available, IR Insulin resistance, TG Triglycerides, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, WC Waist circumference, BP Blood pressure, hs-CRP High sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL Very low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, QUICKI Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, MBP Mean blood pressure, GF/IF The ratio of fasting glucose to fasting insulin, DXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, LM Lean mass, LBM Lean body mass, TLM Total lean mass, FFBM Fat free body mass