Table 2.

HWBG intervention effects (by treatment group) (Australia, 2017)

	Student outcomes
Measure	Control group (n =41)			HWBG (n=48 )					Adjusted difference in change (95% CI)a	Group*Time P value	Cohen’s d Effect size
	Baseline (1)	SD	6 months (2)	SD	Baseline (1)	SD	6 months (2)	SD
Social health	16.07	3817	15.29	3378	15.33	3204	16.25	3657	1.7 (0.25–3.16)	0.022	0.50
Strengths & difficulties	33.20	5.972	33.83	6.221	35.37	6499	33.98	7447	−2.0 (−3.93–0.10)	0.039	0.45
Prosocial	12.78	1.754	12.90	1.446	12.43	2000	13.11	1574	0.6 (−0.20–1.32)	0.149	0.32
Hyper	9.51	2.135	9.54	2.303	10.25	2260	9.77	2386	−0.5 (−1.29–0.29)	0.214	0.23
Conduct	7.17	1.672	7.29	1.647	7.53	1745	7.33	2107	−0.3 (−1.03–0.38)	0.358	0.20
Peer	7.10	1.772	7.49	1.599	7.84	2230	7.23	2086	−1.0 (−1.65–0.34)	0.003	0.65
Emotional	9.42	2.598	9.51	2.812	9.76	2359	9.65	2840	−0.2 (−0.99–0.58)	0.610	0.11
Self-compassion	37.00	8.198	36.42	8.832	36.16	7369	37.37	6896	1.8 (−0.58–4.17)	0.136	0.32
Mindfulness	21.34	7.780	23.46	8.028	20.53	7115	23.22	9690	0.6 (−2.83–3.97)	0.741	0.07
Flourishing	46.56	5.550	44.53	6.957	45.43	6804	44.61	9162	1.2 (−1.70–4.10)	0.412	0.18
Externalizing	16.68	3.282	16.83	3.376	17.78	3513	17.10	3970	−0.8 (−2.07–0.41)	0.189	0.28
Internalizing	16.51	3.957	17.00	3.931	17.59	3796	16.88	4335	−1.2 (−2.28–0.12)	0.030	0.47
Rumination	22.61	6.786	22.85	7.641	23.22	7238	23.32	8069	−0.1 (−2.56–2.26)	0.903	0.02
Weekday steps	8352.69	3196.055	8611.48	2955.087	9174.65	2929.025	10252.56	5048.763	819.1 (−1181–2819)	0.414	0.07
Weekend steps	7928.56	3985.532	7605.40	3908.533	8256.02	3883.663	10,205.41	5110.090	2273 (−356–4901)	0.089	0.32
Total steps	59,562.32	21,706.257	58,526.15	21,402.426	62,775.16	19,548.277	72,922.73	32,364.013	11,184 (−3164–25,532)	0.124	0.24
Screen-time total	26.04	8.963	26.32	8771	27.68	8389	29.08	10224	1.1 (−3.0–5.3)	0.592	0.09
Weekend screen time	12.80	4.412	13.15	4.368	13.44	4731	14.73	4872	0.9 (−1.3–3.2)	0.397	0.13
Weekday screen time	13.24	5.150	13.17	4811	14.24	4607	14.38	5874	0.2 (−2.2–2.6)	0.859	0.03