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. 2022 Jan 22;29(4):798–807. doi: 10.1007/s10880-022-09849-w

Table 2.

Multiple linear regressions of mental health on objective disability status, illness perceptions, resilience, and fear of COVID-19

Depression Anxiety Stress
B (SE) 95% CI β B (SE) 95% CI β B (SE) 95% CI β
Step 1—control variables
Age 0.04 (0.05)  − 0.06, 0.13 0.09  − 0.02 (0.04)  − 0.11, 0.05  − 0.08  − 0.03 (0.05)  − 0.13, 0.06  − 0.09
Gender (man)  − 0.62 (1.14)  − 2.89, 1.65  − 0.06 0.37 (0.94)  − 1.49, 2.25 0.04  − 0.66 (1.09)  − 0.13, 0.06  − 0.07
Time of diagnosis  − 0.03 (0.08)  − 0.18, 0.13  − 0.04 0.01 (0.06)  − 0.11, 0.14 0.03  − 0.05 (0.07)  − 2.84, 1.53  − 0.08
Knowledge of COVID-19 infected  − 0.77 (1.32)  − 3.39, 1.85  − 0.07  − 1.15 (1.09)  − 3.32, 1.01  − 0.13 0.36 (1.27)  − 0.20, 0.10 0.04
Knowledge of COVID-19 dead 0.45 (1.72)  − 2.97, 3.87 0.03 0.75 (1.42)  − 2.07, 3.58 0.07  − 0.62 (1.66)  − 2.16, 2.88  − 0.05
R2 = .01; F = 0.21 R2 = .02; F = 0.36 R2 = .03; F = 0.44
Step 2—objective disability
Age  − 0.02 (0.05)  − 0.13, 0.09  − 0.06  − 0.08 (0.04)  − 0.17, 0.01  − 0.24  − 0.06 (0.05)  − 0.16, 0.05  − 0.15
Gender (man)  − 0.41 (1.14)  − 2.67, 1.86  − 0.04 0.72 (0.92)  − 1.12, 2.26 0.08  − 0.37 (1.11)  − 2.59, 1.84  − 0.04
Time of diagnosis  − 0.02 (0.08)  − 0.17, 0.13  − 0.04 0.01 (0.06)  − 0.11, 0.14 0.03  − 0.05 (.07)  − 0.20, 0.09  − 0.09
Knowledge of COVID-19 infected  − 1.03 (1.34)  − 3.69, 1.63  − 0.10  − 1.65 (1.08)  − 3.81, 0.51  − 0.19  − 0.09 (1.31)  − 2.69, 2.51  − 0.01
Knowledge of COVID-19 dead 0.53 (1.67)  − 2.85, 3.90 0.04 0.74 (1.37)  − 1.99, 3.48 0.06  − 0.69 (1.66)  − 3.99, 2.61  − 0.05
EDSS 0.75 (0.42)  − 0.08, 1.58 0.23 0.91 (0.34) 0.23, 1.58 .34** 0.61 (0.41)  − 0.20, 1.42  − 0.19
SDMT  − 0.03 (0.03)  − 0.10, 0.04  − 0.11  − 0.01 (0.03)  − 0.06, 0.05  − 0.03 0.02 (0.03)  − 0.05, 0.09 0.06
R2 = .07; ΔR2 = .06; F = 0.86 R2 = .11; ΔR2 = .09*; F = 1.39 R2 = .05; ΔR2 = .03; F = 0.64
Step 3—illness perception
Age  − 0.04 (0.05)  − .14, 0.06  − 0.09  − 0.09 (0.04)  − 0.17, − 0.01  − 0.28  − 0.07 (0.05)  − 0.17, 0.03  − 0.19
Gender (man)  − 0.34 (1.05)  − 2.42, 1.75  − 0.03 0.77 (0.84)  − 0.90, 2.45 0.09  − 0.32 (1.05)  − 2.40, 1.77  − 0.03
Time of diagnosis 0.01 (0.07)  − .13, 0.15 0.01 0.04 (0.06)  − 0.07, 0.15 0.08  − 0.03 (0.07)  − 0.17, 0.11  − 0.04
Knowledge of COVID-19 infected  − 0.14 (1.25)  − 2.63, 2.34  − 0.01  − 0.89 (1.00)  − 2.90, 1.10  − 0.10 0.67 (1.25)  − 1.81, 3.16 0.07
Knowledge of COVID-19 dead  − 0.13 (1.57)  − 3.25, 2.98  − 0.01 0.19 (1.26)  − 2.32, 2.70 0.02  − 1.25 (1.57)  − 4.37, 1.87  − 0.09
EDSS  − 0.09 (0.44)  − 0.97, 0.77  − 0.03 0.20 (0.35)  − 0.50, 0.90 0.07  − 0.11 (0.44)  − 0.98, 0.76  − 0.03
SDMT  − 0.04 (0.03)  − 0.10, 0.03  − 0.12  − 0.10 (0.03)  − 0.06, 0.04  − 0.04 0.01 (0.03)  − 0.05, 0.08 0.05
Illness perception 0.19 (0.05) 0.09, 0.29 .47*** 0.16 (0.04) 0.08, 0.24 .48*** 0.16 (0.05) 0.07, 0.26 .41**
R2 = .22; ΔR2 = .15***; F = 2.89** R2 = .27; ΔR2 = .16***; F = 3.65** R2 = .17; ΔR2 = .12**; F = 2.07*
Step 4—risk and protective factors
Age  − 0.03 (0.04)  − 0.11. 0.04  − 0.09  − 0.07 (0.04)  − 0.14, 0.01  − 0.22  − 0.05 (0.04)  − 0.14, 0.03  − 0.14
Gender (man)  − 0.63 (0.85)  − 2.32, 1.06  − 0.06  − 0.02 (0.80)  − 1.62, 1.57  − 0.01  − 1.07 (0.94)  − 2.94, 0.81  − 0.11
Time of diagnosis  − 0.03 (0.06)  − 0.14, 0.09  − 0.04  − 0.01 (0.05)  − 0.12, 0.09  − 0.02  − 0.08 (0.06)  − 0.21, 0.04  − 0.14
Knowledge of COVID-19 infected  − 0.59 (0.99)  − 2.55, 1.37  − 0.06  − 1.42 (0.93)  − 3.27, 0.43  − 0.16 0.05 (1.09)  − 2.13, 2.22 0.05
Knowledge of COVID-19 dead 0.31 (1.23)  − 2.13, 2.75 0.02 0.44 (1.16)  − 1.86, 2.75 0.04  − 0.83 (1.36)  − 3.54, 1.87  − 0.06
EDSS  − 0.08 (0.34)  − 0.60, 0.76 0.02 0.33 (0.32)  − 0.31, 0.98 0.12 0.08 (0.38)  − 0.67, 0.84 0.03
SDMT  − 0.01 (0.03)  − 0.06, 0.05  − 0.01  − 0.02 (0.02)  − 0.06, 0.03  − 0.06 0.03 (0.03)  − 0.03, 0.08 0.09
Illness perception .02 (.04)  − .07, .11 0.05 0.07 (0.04)  − 001, 0.16 0.22 0.01 (0.05)  − 0.09, 0.11 0.02
Resilience  − 3.42 (0.51)  − 4.44, − 2.40  − .62***  − 0.44 (0.48)  − 1.41, 0.52  − .09  − 2.08 (0.57)  − 3.21, − 0.95  − 0.39***
Fear of COVID-19 0.18 (0.08) 0.01, 0.35 0.20* 0.32 (.08) 0.15, 0.47 .42*** 0.36 (0.10) 0.14, 0.51 0.41**
R2 = .54; ΔR2 = .31***; F = 9.05*** R2 = .40; ΔR2 = .13***; F = 5.19** R2 = .39; ΔR2 = .22**; F = 5.06***

B unstandardized regression coefficient, SE standard error, CI confidence interval, β unstandardized regression coefficient, R2 R-square, ΔR2 change in R2

***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05