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. 2022 Jan 23:1–28. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s11101-021-09784-y

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1 — Process flow diagram for microalgal biorefinery including cultivation, different operation units and downstream processing. The major criteria are the selection of a potential microalgal strain depending on the specific product and supply of low cost nutrients for microalgal growth and metabolite production. Microalgal biorefinery should consider the factors such as (1) better mixing and light penetration, (2) minimum investment and operational costs, (3) high biomass production and iv0efficient downstream processing. Downstream processing involves the harvesting of biomass, cell disruption and intracellular metabolite extraction and fractionation of the metabolites to increase the number of commercial products. (*PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids)