Table 10.
Factors affecting microalgal carotenoid production
| Carotenoids | Microalgae source | Method of production | Factors | Processing conditions | Productivity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-carotene | Dunaliella salina | Semi-continuous, outdoor, closed tubular photobioreactor (55 L) | Temperature; pH; Light intensity; Stirred rate | Temperature: 25 °C; pH: 7.5 ± 0.5; Light intensity: 281 ± 89 μmol m−2 s−1; Stirred rate: 38 cms−1 s−1 |
Total carotenoids: 102.5 ± 33.1 mg m−2 d−1 (β-carotene: 10% of biomass) |
García-González et al. (2005) |
| β-carotene | Dunaliella salina | Continuous turbidostat, flat-panel (2.5 L) | Temperature; pH; Light intensity; Stirred rate | Temperature: 30 °C; pH: 7.5; Light intensity: 200–1200 μmol m−2 s−1; Stirred rate: 0.6 L min−1 (N2) | β-Carotene: 13.5 mg L−1 d−1 | Kleinegris et al. (2011) |
| Lutein | Muriellopsis sp. | Continuous outdoor tubular photobioreactor | Temperature, pH, Light intensity, air flow | Temperature: 28 °C; pH: 7; Light intensity: continuous 200 μmol m−2 s−1; Air flow: 50–100 L−1 h−1 (1%, v/v CO2) | Lutein: 5.5 mg g−1 L−1 d−1 | Kleinegris et al. (2011) |
| Lutein | Scenedesmus almeriensis | Continuous | Temperature, pH, Light intensity, air flow | Temperature: 30 °C; pH: 8.0; Light Intensity: 1700 μE m−2 s−1; Air flow: 0.5 (v/v)/min−2 s−1; Light/Dark cycle: solar cycle | Lutein: 4.9 mg L−1 d−1 | Sánchez et al. (2008) |
| Lutein | Scenedesmus almeriensis | Continuous outdoor, tubular | Temperature, Light intensity | Temperature: 35 °C; Light Intensity: 1900 μE m−2 s−1 | Lutein: 5.3 mg m−2 d −1 | Sánchez et al. (2008) |
| Lutein | Chlorella protothecoides | Batch | Temperature; pH | Temperature: 28 °C; pH: 6.5; Light Intensity: absence of light; Metabolic mode: heterotrophic | Lutein: 10 mgL−1 d−1 | Wei et al. (2008) |
| Asthaxanthin | C. zofingiensis | Batch | Temperature, pH | Temperature: 30 °C; pH: 6.5; Light Intensity: darkness; Stirred rate: 130 rpm; Metabolic mode: heterothrophic | Astaxanthin:10.3 mgL−1 | Ip and Chen (2005) |
| Asthaxanthin | Haematococcus pluvialis | Continuous chemostat, tubular (50 L) | Light intensity | Light intensity: Day light cycle | Astaxanthin: 8.0 mg L−1d−1 | García‐Malea et al. (2009) |