Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population (n = 700)

Variable	MAAS score				Tobacco use (n = 698)					Alcohol use (n = 699)
					No (n = 539)		Yes (n = 159)			No (n = 365)		Yes (n = 334)
	n	%	Median [IQR]	p1	n	%	n	%	p2	n	%	n	%	p2
Gender
Male	138	19.71	4.27 [3.53–4.80]	0.065	103	19.11	35	22.01	0.419	53	14.52	85	25.45	< 0.001
Female	562	80.29	3.97 [3.40–4.67]		436	80.89	124	77.99		312	85.48	249	74.55
Age (years)
18–30	107	15.29	3.87 [3.47–4.47]	< 0.001	83	15.40	24	15.09	0.042	54	14.79	53	15.87	0.035
31–40	204	29.14	3.77 [3.13–4.63]		142	26.35	60	37.74		97	26.58	106	31.74
41–50	194	27.71	4 [3.40–4.67]		157	29.13	37	23.27		95	26.03	99	29.64
51 +	195	27.86	4.33 [3.73–4.93]		157	29.13	38	23.90		119	32.60	76	22.75
Professional category
Administration	139	19.86	4.13 [3.53–4.87]	0.239	100	18.55	38	23.90	0.061	86	23.56	52	15.57	0.003
Engineering, logistics, and technical functions	133	19.00	3.93 [3.40–4.67]		105	19.48	27	16.98		64	17.53	69	20.66
Physician	137	19.57	3.87 [3.40–4.60]		116	21.52	21	13.21		56	15.34	81	24.25
Direct contact profession other than physicians	291	41.57	4.07 [3.40–4.67]		218	40.45	73	45.91		159	43.56	132	39.52
Type of housing
Apartment	482	68.86	3.93 [3.33–4.67]	0.050	364	67.53	117	73.58	0.147	256	70.14	226	67.66	0.480
House	218	31.14	4.20 [3.53–4.80]		175	32.47	42	26.42		109	29.86	108	32.34
Living alone
No	595	85.00	4.0 [3.40–4.73]	0.651	466	86.46	128	80.50	0.064	310	84.93	285	85.33	0.883
Yes	105	15.00	4.0 [3.40–4.67]		73	13.54	31	19.50		55	15.07	49	14.67
History of depression
No	669	95.57	4.07 [3.40–4.73]	0.017	518	96.10	149	93.71	0.198	349	95.62	319	95.51	0.945
Yes	31	4.43	3.60 [3.07–4.07]		21	3.90	10	6.29		16	4.38	15	4.49
Pre-lockdown physical activity level
None	165	23.57	3.80 [3.33–4.67]	0.114	105	19.48	60	37.74	< 0.001	95	26.03	70	20.96	0.170
0–30 min/day	256	36.57	4.03 [3.50–4.63]		200	37.11	55	34.59		123	33.70	132	39.52
> 30 min/day	279	39.86	4.20 [3.40–4.80]		234	43.41	44	27.67		147	40.27	132	39.52
Change in physical activity
No decrease	456	65.14	4.00 [3.47–4.73]	0.595	339	62.89	116	72.96	0.019	239	65.48	216	64.67	0.823
Decrease	244	34.86	4.07 [3.33–4.67]		200	37.11	43	27.04		126	34.52	118	35.33
Pre-lockdown self-rated sleep quality
Median score [IQR]	4 [3–4]		4.00 [3.40–4.73]	-	4 [3–4]		4 [3–4]		0.441	4 [3–4]		4 [3–4]		0.470
Change in sleep quality
No deterioration	333	47.57	4.20 [3.67–4.73]	< 0.001	267	49.54	65	40.88	0.055	173	47.40	159	47.60	0.956
Deterioration	367	52.43	3.87 [3.27–4.60]		272	50.46	94	59.12		192	52.60	175	52.40
Pre-lockdown self-rated level of stress
Median score [IQR]	2 [1–3]		4.0 [3.40–4.73]	-	2 [1–3]		2 [1–3]		0.216	2 [1–3]		2 [1–3]		0.992
Change in stress
No deterioration	341	48.71	4.20 [3.60–4.80]	< 0.001	271	50.28	69	43.40	0.127	179	49.04	161	48.20	0.825
Deterioration	359	51.29	3.87 [3.27–4.53]		268	49.72	90	56.60		186	50.96	173	51.80
Pre-lockdown self-rated level of irritability
Median score [IQR]	2 [1–3]		4.00 [3.40–4.73]	-	2 [1–3]		2 [1–3]		0.070	2 [1–3]		2 [1–3]		0.165
Change in irritability
No deterioration	354	50.57	4.20 [3.53–4.73]	0.002	280	51.95	73	45.91	0.181	192	52.60	161	48.20	0.245
Deterioration	346	49.43	3.87 [3.33–4.60]		259	48.05	86	54.09		173	47.40	173	51.80
Pre-lockdown self-rated level of motivation
Median score [IQR]	4 [3–4]		4.00 [3.40–4.73]	-	4 [3–4]		4 [3–4]		0.276	4 [3–4]		4 [3–4]		0.054
Change in motivation
No deterioration	391	55.86	4.13 [3.53–4.73]	0.011	310	57.51	80	50.13	0.108	210	57.53	180	53.89	0.333
Deterioration	309	44.14	3.93 [3.33–4.60]		229	42.49	79	49.69		155	42.47	154	46.11
Pre-lockdown self-rated level of sadness
Median score [IQR]	1 [0–2]		4.00 [3.40–4.73]	-	1 [0–1]		1 [0–2]		0.082	1 [0–2]		1 [0–2]		0.509
Change in sadness
No deterioration	398	56.86	4.17 [3.53–4.73]	< 0.001	321	59.55	76	47.80	0.009	211	57.81	186	55.69	0.572
Deterioration	302	43.14	3.87 [3.27–4.53]		218	40.45	83	52.20		154	42.19	148	44.31
COVID-19-related drop in income
No	571	81.57	4.07 [3.47–4.67]	0.177	446	82.75	123	77.36	0.124	295	80.82	275	82.34	0.606
Yes	129	18.43	3.80 [3.27–4.73]		93	17.25	36	22.64		70	19.18	59	17.66
Change in tobacco use (n = 698)
Increase	79	11.29	3.67 [2.87–4.47]	0.013	0	0	79	49.69	-	21	5.77	58	17.37	< 0.001
No increase	80	11.43	4.23 [3.30–4.83]		0	0	80	50.31		30	8.24	50	14.97
No use	539	77.00	4.07 [3.53–4.73]		539	100	0	0		313	85.99	226	67.66
Change in alcohol use (n = 699)
Increase	116	16.57	3.67 [3.10–4.13]	0.024	77	14.29	39	24.53	< 0.001	0	0	116	34.73	-
No increase	218	31.14	4.13 [3.47–4.73]		149	27.64	69	43.40		0	0	218	65.27
No use	365	52.14	4.20 [3.47–4.73]		313	58.07	51	32.08		365	100	0	0
Pre-lockdown nicotine dependence score3 (n = 129)
Median [IQR]	3 [1–4]		3.80 [3.27–4.60]	-	-		3 [1–4]		-	2 [1–4]		3 [0–4]		0.878
Affect deterioration4
Median [IQR]	2 [1–4]		4.00 [3.40–4.73]	-	2 [1–4]		3 [1–4]		0.009	2 [1–4]		3 [1–4]		0.402

¹Kruskal-Wallis test

²ANOVA or chi-squared test

³Fagerström Nicotine Dependence score ranged from 0 to 8

⁴Five dichotomous indicators were combined into a composite variable: changes in sleep quality, in stress, in irritability, in motivation, and in sadness (1: deterioration, 0: no deterioration)

IQR, interquartile range; MAAS, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale