Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to quintiles of the three PVG food patterns: the PREDIMED-Plus Study (n = 6439)
| gPVG food patterna | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low: < 33 (n = 1589) |
Low: 33–35 (n = 1345) |
Moderate: 36–37 (n = 980) |
High: 38–40 (n = 1297) |
Very High: > 40 (n = 1228) |
|
| Sex, male (%) | 52.1 | 52.2 | 51.0 | 50.9 | 52.1 |
| Age (y) | 64.4 (5.0)b | 64.7 (4.8) | 65.2 (4.9) | 65.4 (4.9) | 65.5 (4.9) |
| Illiterate or primary education (%) | 44.6 | 48.0 | 50.3 | 52.4 | 52.6 |
| Hypertension (%) | 83.8 | 82.8 | 84.4 | 82.7 | 84.0 |
| High blood cholesterol (%) | 69.4 | 70.3 | 67.6 | 70.0 | 69.3 |
| Diabetes (%) | 31.4 | 32.6 | 32.4 | 28.0 | 29.7 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 32.8 (3.5) | 32.8 (3.5) | 32.4 (3.4) | 32.3 (3.5) | 32.3 (3.3) |
| Smoking (% current smokers) | 14.7 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 11.8 (15.6) | 11.5 (15.1) | 10.6 (15.0) | 11.0 (15.1) | 10.3 (14.4) |
| Physical activity (MET-min/d)c | 326.3 (311.3) | 332.3 (330.4) | 357.6 (314.8) | 360.6 (335.5) | 394.0 (353.4) |
| Adherence to Mediterranean diet (0–17 points)d | 7.8 (2.6) | 8.3 (2.6) | 8.6 (2.5) | 8.8 (2.6) | 9.3 (2.7) |
| hPVG food pattern | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low: < 49 (n = 1454) |
Low: 49–52 (n = 1231) |
Moderate: 53–56 (n = 1391) |
High: 57–60 (n = 1241) |
Very high: > 60 (n = 1122) |
|
| Sex, male (%) | 52.3 | 49.3 | 51.8 | 54.4 | 50.6 |
| Age (y) | 64.5 (5.0) | 64.7 (4.9) | 65.1 (4.8) | 65.4 (4.9) | 65.5 (4.8) |
| Illiterate or primary education (%) | 49.1 | 50.0 | 50.1 | 48.5 | 48.7 |
| Hypertension (%) | 84.4 | 84.0 | 83.9 | 83.5 | 81.2 |
| High blood cholesterol (%) | 70.2 | 69.5 | 69.7 | 67.8 | 69.9 |
| Diabetes (%) | 32.1 | 29.7 | 29.2 | 32.2 | 30.8 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 32.8 (3.5) | 32.6 (3.4) | 32.5 (3.4) | 32.3 (3.4) | 32.4 (3.4) |
| Smoking (% current smokers) | 14.1 | 13.7 | 11.4 | 12.3 | 12.2 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 9.9 (13.3) | 10.4 (14.6) | 11.6 (15.8) | 11.6 (15.2) | 12.3 (16.6) |
| Physical activity (MET-min/d) | 303.9 (307.1) | 332.5 (315.0) | 348.1 (319.6) | 379.1 (335.0) | 411.4 (367.8) |
| Adherence to Mediterranean diet (0–17 points)d | 7.2 (2.4) | 8.2 (2.5) | 8.5 (2.4) | 9.1 (2.5) | 10.0 (2.6) |
| uPVG food pattern | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low: < 49 (n = 1504) |
Low: 49–52 (n = 1197) |
Moderate: 53–56 (n = 1288) |
High: 57–60 (n = 1192) |
Very high: > 60 (n = 1258) |
|
| Sex, male (%) | 51.1 | 51.5 | 51.6 | 53.9 | 50.7 |
| Age (y) | 65.7 (4.9) | 64.7 (4.9) | 65.1 (4.9) | 64.7 (4.8) | 64.6 (5.0) |
| Illiterate or primary education (%) | 48.1 | 48.0 | 49.5 | 49.8 | 51.2 |
| Hypertension (%) | 82.2 | 84.0 | 84.6 | 83.7 | 83.0 |
| High blood cholesterol (%) | 69.9 | 67.8 | 69.8 | 70.1 | 69.2 |
| Diabetes (%) | 37.3 | 30.2 | 31.1 | 26.8 | 27.0 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 32.4 (3.4) | 32.5 (3.5) | 32.6 (3.4) | 32.6 (3.4) | 32.6 (3.5) |
| Smoking (% current smoker) | 10.4 | 11.7 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 15.6 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 8.6 (11.8) | 10.8 (14.0) | 11.6 (15.8) | 12.3 (16.4) | 12.7 (17.0) |
| Physical activity (MET-min/d) | 396.7 (344.6) | 374.6 (356.3) | 352.5 (320.1) | 330.5 (306.6) | 297.7 (307.1) |
| Adherence to Mediterranean diet (0–17 points)d | 10.0 (2.5) | 9.1 (2.5) | 8.5 (2.5) | 7.7 (2.3) | 7.0 (2.4) |
aComparisons of characteristics across quintiles of the PVG food patterns were performed using 1-factor ANOVA for quantitative variables or chi-square tests for categorical variables
bMean (SD) (all such values)
cMET-min metabolic equivalent task minutes
dAdherence to an energy-restricted MedDiet was assessed using a 17-item questionnaire, a modified version of a validated 14-item questionnaire [26]