Table 3.
Association between adherence to general PVG food pattern (βa and 95% confidence intervals for pattern in quintiles and continuous per 5-units) and metabolic syndrome z-score and its components at baseline in participants PREDIMED-Plus Study (n = 6439)
| gPVG food pattern quintile | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low: < 33 (n = 1589) |
Low: 33–35 (n = 1345) |
Moderate: 36–37 (n = 980) |
High: 38–40 (n = 1297) |
Very high: > 40 (n = 1228) |
p trend | Per 5 points increment in adherence | |
| Metabolic syndrome z-scoreb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.19; 0.14) | − 0.06 (− 0.24; 0.13) | − 0.23 (− 0.40; − 0.06) | − 0.23 (− 0.40; − 0.06) | 0.001 | − 0.08 (− 0.14; − 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.00 (− 0.17; 0.17) | − 0.01 (− 0.20; 0.17) | − 0.18 (− 0.35; − 0.01) | − 0.16 (− 0.33; 0.01) | 0.016 | − 0.06 (− 0.11; 0.00) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.19; 0.15) | − 0.02 (− 0.20; 0.17) | − 0.20 (− 0.37; − 0.03) | − 0.16 (− 0.33; 0.01) | 0.015 | − 0.06 (− 0.12; 0.00) |
| Body mass indexb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.09) | − 0.10 (− 0.19; − 0.02) | − 0.14 (− 0.22; − 0.06) | − 0.15 (− 0.23; -0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.07 (− 0.09; − 0.04) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.09) | − 0.10 (− 0.19; − 0.02) | − 0.14 (− 0.22; − 0.06) | − 0.15 (− 0.23; − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.07 (− 0.09; − 0.04) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | 0.00 (− 0.08; 0.08) | − 0.11 (− 0.19; − 0.02) | − 0.14 (− 0.22; − 0.06) | − 0.14 (− 0.22; − 0.06) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 (− 0.09; − 0.04) |
| Waist-to-hip ratioc | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.04 (− 0.12; 0.03) | − 0.07 (− 0.14; 0.01) | − 0.10 (− 0.18; − 0.03) | − 0.15 (− 0.22; − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 (− 0.07; − 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.05 (− 0.12; 0.03) | − 0.08 (− 0.15; 0.00) | − 0.11 (− 0.19; − 0.04) | − 0.16 (− 0.23; − 0.09) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 (− 0.08; − 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.05 (− 0.12; 0.02) | − 0.08 (− 0.15; 0.00) | − 0.12 (− 0.19; − 0.04) | − 0.16 (− 0.23; − 0.09) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 (− 0.08; − 0.03) |
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.03 (− 0.05; 0.10) | 0.05 (− 0.03; 0.13) | 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.08) | 0.03 (− 0.05; 0.10) | 0.588 | 0.01 (− 0.01; 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.02 (− 0.05; 0.09) | 0.04 (− 0.04; 0.11) | 0.00 (− 0.08; 0.07) | 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.09) | 0.910 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | 0.02 (− 0.05; 0.09) | 0.05 (− 0.03; 0.13) | 0.00 (− 0.07; 0.08) | 0.03 (− 0.05; 0.10) | 0.606 | 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.03) |
| Diastolic blood pressureb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.05 (− 0.02; 0.13) | 0.02 (− 0.06; 0.10) | 0.02 (− 0.06; 0.09) | 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.09) | 0.935 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.08 (0.00; 0.15) | 0.07 (− 0.01; 0.15) | 0.08 (0.00; 0.15) | 0.09 (0.02; 0.17) | 0.023 | 0.03 (0.00; 0.05) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | 0.08 (0.01; 0.15) | 0.07 (− 0.01; 0.15) | 0.08 (0.01; 0.16) | 0.11 (0.03; 0.18) | 0.009 | 0.03 (0.01; 0.06) |
| HDL-cholesterolc | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.03 (− 0.04; 0.10) | 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.08) | 0.04 (− 0.03; 0.12) | 0.05 (− 0.02; 0.12) | 0.137 | 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.03 (− 0.04; 0.09) | 0.00 (− 0.07; 0.08) | 0.03 (− 0.04; 0.11) | 0.04 (− 0.03; 0.11) | 0.277 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.02) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | 0.03 (− 0.03; 0.10) | 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.09) | 0.06 (− 0.02; 0.13) | 0.07 (0.00; 0.14) | 0.046 | 0.01 (− 0.01; 0.04) |
| Plasma triglyceridesb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.01 (− 0.05; 0.06) | 0.00 (− 0.06; 0.06) | 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.06) | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | 0.805 | 0.00 (− 0.01; 0.02) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.06) | 0.01 (− 0.05; 0.07) | 0.02 (− 0.03; 0.08) | 0.01 (− 0.05; 0.06) | 0.688 | 0.01 (− 0.01; 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.07) | 0.02 (− 0.04; 0.08) | 0.03 (− 0.02; 0.09) | 0.02 (− 0.04; 0.07) | 0.379 | 0.01 (0.00; 0.03) |
| Plasma glucoseb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | − 0.06 (− 0.10; − 0.01) | − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) | 0.150 | − 0.01 (-0.03; 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | − 0.05 (− 0.10; − 0.01) | − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) | 0.174 | − 0.01 (− 0.03; 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | − 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.04) | − 0.06 (− 0.10; − 0.01) | − 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.04) | 0.228 | − 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.01) |
HDL-c high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
aMM-type estimators for linear robust regression models, the betas represent the change in each outcome, where 1 unit is equivalent to a 1-SD difference in z scores, or a 1-unit difference in the MetS z-score or its components, per one point of dietary adherence to PVG food patterns, either in the continuous (per each 5 points of adherence) or quintiles form of the different PVG food patterns
bData were standardized
cp trend test for linear trend were conducted using the adherence to a gPVG food pattern quintile, Crude adjusted for energy intake, multiple adjusted 1 additionally adjusted for sex and age, multiple adjusted 2 additionally adjusted for educational level, smoking status alcohol intake, and total physical activity per day