Table 4.
Association between adherence for healthful PVG food pattern (βa and 95% confidence intervals for pattern in quintiles and continuous, per 5-units) and metabolic syndrome z-score and its components at baseline in participants PREDIMED-Plus Study (n = 6439)
| hPVG food pattern quintile | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low: < 49 (n = 1454) |
Low: 49–52 (n = 1231) |
Moderate: 53–56 (n = 1391) |
High: 57–60 (n = 1241) |
Very high: > 60 (n = 1122) |
p trend | Per 5 points increment in adherence | |
| Metabolic syndrome z-scoreb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.25 (− 0.43; − 0.08) | − 0.32 (− 0.49; − 0.15) | − 0.29 (− 0.47; − 0.12) | − 0.40 (− 0.58; − 0.22) | < 0.001 | − 0.10 (− 0.14; − 0.06) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.23 (− 0.41; − 0.06) | − 0.28 (− 0.45; − 0.11) | − 0.24 (− 0.42; − 0.07) | − 0.32 (− 0.50; − 0.14) | < 0.001 | − 0.08 (− 0.12; − 0.04) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.22 (− 0.39; − 0.04) | − 0.24 (− 0.41; − 0.07) | − 0.21 (− 0.39; − 0.03) | − 0.23 (− 0.41; − 0.05) | 0.016 | − 0.06 (− 0.10; − 0.02) |
| Body mass indexb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.07 (− 0.15; 0.01) | − 0.10 (− 0.18; − 0.02) | − 0.15 (− 0.23; − 0.07) | − 0.11 (− 0.20; − 0.02) | 0.002 | − 0.03 (− 0.05; − 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.08 (− 0.16; 0.00) | − 0.11 (− 0.18; − 0.03) | − 0.14 (− 0.23; − 0.06) | − 0.12 (− 0.20; − 0.03) | 0.002 | − 0.03 (− 0.05; − 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.07 (− 0.15; 0.01) | − 0.10 (− 0.17; − 0.02) | − 0.12 (− 0.20; − 0.04) | − 0.07 (− 0.15; 0.02) | 0.043 | − 0.02 (− 0.04; 0.00) |
| Waist-to-hip ratioc | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.06 (− 0.14; 0.01) | − 0.07 (− 0.15; 0.00) | − 0.10 (− 0.17; − 0.02) | − 0.15 (− 0.22; − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.04 (− 0.05; − 0.02) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.06 (− 0.14; 0.01) | − 0.08 (− 0.16; − 0.01) | − 0.11 (− 0.18; − 0.03) | − 0.16 (− 0.24; − 0.09) | < 0.001 | − 0.04 (− 0.06; − 0.03) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.06 (− 0.14; 0.01) | − 0.08 (− 0.15; 0.00) | − 0.10 (− 0.18; − 0.03) | − 0.14 (− 0.22; − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.04 (− 0.05; − 0.02) |
| Systolic blood pressureb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.10; 0.05) | 0.03 (− 0.05; 0.11) | 0.01 (− 0.06; 0.09) | 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.09) | 0.564 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.02) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.09; 0.06) | 0.02 (− 0.05; 0.10) | 0.00 (− 0.08; 0.07) | 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.08) | 0.818 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.06) | 0.02 (− 0.05; 0.10) | 0.00 (− 0.07; 0.08) | 0.01 (− 0.07; 0.09) | 0.721 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.02) |
| Diastolic blood pressureb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.08 (− 0.16; 0.00) | − 0.06 (− 0.14; 0.02) | − 0.07 (− 0.15; 0.00) | − 0.10 (− 0.18; − 0.02) | 0.020 | − 0.03 (− 0.05; − 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.05 (− 0.13; 0.03) | − 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.06) | − 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.06) | − 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.07) | 0.966 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.05 (− 0.12; 0.03) | − 0.01 (− 0.08; 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.07) | 0.00 (− 0.08; 0.08) | 0.785 | 0.00 (− 0.02; 0.02) |
| HDL− cholesterolc | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.09; 0.05) | 0.06 (− 0.01; 0.12) | 0.07 (− 0.01; 0.14) | 0.08 (0.01; 0.16) | 0.006 | 0.02 (0.01; 0.04) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.10; 0.05) | 0.05 (− 0.02; 0.12) | 0.06 (− 0.02; 0.13) | 0.07 (− 0.01; 0.15) | 0.021 | 0.02 (0.00; 0.04) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.03 (− 0.10; 0.04) | 0.03 (− 0.03; 0.10) | 0.04 (− 0.03; 0.12) | 0.05 (− 0.02; 0.13) | 0.068 | 0.01 (0.00; 0.03) |
| Plasma triglyceridesb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.06 (− 0.11; 0.00) | − 0.07 (− 0.13; − 0.02) | − 0.04 (− 0.10; 0.02) | − 0.09 (− 0.15; − 0.04) | 0.004 | − 0.02 (− 0.03; − 0.01) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.05 (− 0.11; 0.01) | − 0.06 (− 0.12; − 0.01) | − 0.03 (− 0.08; 0.03) | − 0.08 (− 0.14; − 0.02) | 0.029 | − 0.01 (− 0.03; 0.00) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.05 (− 0.11; 0.01) | − 0.05 (− 0.11; 0.00) | − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.04) | − 0.06 (− 0.11; 0.00) | 0.165 | − 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.00) |
| Plasma glucoseb | |||||||
| Crude | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) | 0.00 (− 0.05; 0.05) | 0.03 (− 0.02; 0.08) | 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.07) | 0.250 | 0.01 (0.00; 0.02) |
| Multiple adjusted 1 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) | 0.00 (− 0.04; 0.05) | 0.03 (− 0.02; 0.09) | 0.02 (− 0.03; 0.07) | 0.189 | 0.01 (0.00; 0.02) |
| Multiple adjusted 2 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.07; 0.03) | 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.05) | 0.04 (− 0.01; 0.09) | 0.03 (− 0.02; 0.08) | 0.110 | 0.01 (0.00; 0.02) |
HDL-c high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
aMM-type estimators for linear robust regression models, the betas represent the change in each outcome, where 1 unit is equivalent to a 1-SD difference in z scores, or a 1-unit difference in the MetS z-score or its components, per one point of dietary adherence to PVG food patterns, either in the continuous (per each 5 points of adherence) or quintiles form of the different PVG food patterns
bData were standardized
cp trend test for linear trend were conducted using the adherence to a hPVG food pattern quintile, Crude adjusted for energy intake, multiple adjusted 1 additionally adjusted for sex and age, multiple adjusted 2 additionally adjusted for educational level, smoking status, alcohol intake, and total physical activity per day