Table 2.
Risk factors of moderate and high diabetes distress (DDS ≥2) among the participants (N = 259)
| Variables | Subgroups | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age Group | < 50 years | Referent | |
| ≥50 years | 1.808 (0.735–4.448) | 0.197 | |
| Gender | Male | Referent | |
| Female | 0.926 (0.462–1.860) | 0.830 | |
| Residence | Urban | Referent | |
| Rural | 1.940 (1.003–3.752) | 0.049 | |
| Income Category (in BDT) | < 20,000 | Referent | |
| 20,000 to < 40,000 | 0.965 (0.483–1.927) | 0.920 | |
| 40,000 and Above | 2.199 (0.846–5.718) | 0.106 | |
| Education Category | Up to Secondary | Referent | |
| ≥Higher Secondary | 1.042 (0.484–2.242) | 0.917 | |
| Current Smoker | No | Referent | |
| Yes | 0.318 (0.100–1.010) | 0.052 | |
| T2DM in the First-Degree Relative | No | Referent | |
| Yes | 1.145 (0.595–2.204) | 0.686 | |
| Age at DM Diagnosis | < 40 years | Referent | |
| 40 years or above | 0.403 (0.164–0.988) | 0.047 | |
| T2DM Duration | 1–5 years | Referent | |
| > 5–10 years | 0.701 (0.325–1.512) | 0.365 | |
| > 10 years | 0.240 (0.100–0.577) | 0.001 | |
| Overweight or Obese | No | Referent | |
| Yes | 0.561 (0.293–1.074) | 0.081 | |
| Abdominal Obesity | No | Referent | |
| Yes | 1.078 (0.552–2.108) | 0.902 | |
| Glycemic Status | HbA1c < 7% | Referent | |
| HbA1c ≥7% | 1.071 (0.546–2.101) | 0.825 | |
| Any Diabetic Complication | Absent | Referent | |
| Present | 3.125 (1.546–6.320) | 0.002 | |
| Any Comorbidity | Absent | Referent | |
| Present | 0.602 (0.301–1.204) | 0.151 | |
| PDAQ total score | 0.993 (0.964–1.022) | 0.619 | |
| Meets WHO recommendations on physical activity | Yes | Referent | |
| No | 1.781 (0.921–3.444) | 0.086 | |
| Injects Insulin | No | Referent | |
| Yes | 2.687 (1.414–5.105) | 0.003 | |
| Major Depression | Absent | Referent | |
| Present | 4.753 (2.466–9.162) | < 0001 |